Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction is written below with two terms missing.
The........ induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux........
What are the two missing terms?
A current, density
B current, linkage
C electromotive force, density
D electromotive force, linkage
Your answer
[1]
Monochromatic light from a laser is incident normally on a diffraction grating. A series of bright dots are formed on a distant screen.
Which two terms can be used to explain these bright dots?
A diffraction, interference
B reflection, interference
C refraction, diffraction
D refraction, reflection
Your answer
[1]
The current in a lamp is 2.0 mA. The potential difference across the lamp is 6.0 V.
What is the energy transfer in the lamp over a period of 3.0 hours?
A 0.012 J
B 0.036 J
C 2.16 J
D 130 J
Your answer
[1]
The diagram below shows two oppositely charged spheres.
The magnitude of the charge on each sphere is the same. The point P is on the line joining the centres of the spheres and is the same distance from the centre of each sphere.
Which statement is correct?
A A negatively charged particle at P will move to the right.
B The direction of the electric field at P is to the left.
C The electric potential at P is zero.
D The magnitude of the electric field strength at P is zero.
Your answer
[1]
A circuit with four light-emitting diodes (LEDs) P, Q, R and S is shown below.
Two LEDs are lit in this circuit. Which two LEDs are lit?
A P and Q
B P and R
C Q and R
D Q and S
Your answer
[1]
A student is modelling the decay of charge for a capacitor discharging through a resistor using the
Part of the modelling spreadsheet from the student is shown below.
What is the value of Q in 
C at t = 1.5 s?
A 700
B 720
C 729
D 800
Your answer
[1]
A circuit with a thermistor is shown below.
The resistance of the resistor is R and the resistance of the thermistor is 2.5 R. The potential difference (p.d.) across the thermistor is 5.0 V.
What is the total p.d. across both components?
A 2.0 V
B 7.0 V
C 12.5 V
D 17.5 V
Your answer
[1]
A double-slit is used in an interference experiment to independently investigate the light from two sources K and L. The light from the sources have different wavelengths. The table below shows some data.
| Light source | Wavelength of light | Separation between adjacent bright fringes | Distance between screen and double‑slit |
| K |  | 1.2 mm | D |
| L | 0.80 | 0.50D |
What is the separation between adjacent bright fringes for source L?
A 0.48 mm
B 1.2 mm
C 1.9 mm
D 3.0 mm
Your answer
[1]
A stationary sound wave formed in a tube is shown below.
The tube is closed at one end. The length of the tube is 3.5 m. The speed of sound is 340 m s–1.
What is the frequency of the sound wave?
A 97 Hz
B 120 Hz
C 240 Hz
D 486 Hz
Your answer
[1]
The diagram below shows the graphs of displacement x against time t for two waves S and T.
The waves meet at a point in space. The superposition of these two waves produces a resultant wave.
What is the frequency f and the amplitude A of the resultant wave?
A f = 100 Hz, A = 2.0 mm
B f = 100 Hz, A = 4.0 mm
C f = 200 Hz, A = 2.0 mm
D f = 200 Hz, A = 4.0 mm
Your answer
[1]
[1]
The nucleus of thorium-232 (23290Th) emits two alpha particles and two beta-minus particles to become a nucleus of an isotope of radium.
What is the nucleon number A and the proton number Z for the nucleus of this radium isotope?
A A = 224, Z = 88
B A = 228, Z = 86
C A = 224, Z = 84
D A = 228, Z = 88
Your answer
[1]
A beam of ultrasound is incident normally at a boundary between two tissues F and G.
The table below shows some data on the two tissues.
| Tissue F | Tissue G | |
| Density of tissue |  | 1.2 |
| Speed of ultrasound in tissue | c | 1.5c |
What percentage of the intensity of the ultrasound is reflected at the boundary?
A 0.83%
B 8.2%
C 9.1%
D 29%
Your answer
[1]
A radiation detector is placed in front of a beta-emitting source. The count-rate is measured and recorded every 10 minutes. The results are shown below.
311 s–1 309 s–1 299 s–1 307 s–1 321 s–1
What term can be used to describe the data shown?
A exponential
B linear
C random
D spontaneous
Your answer
[1]
The normal frequency range of hearing for young people is from 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
Describe how you can use an oscilloscope, and other additional laboratory equipment, to determine the actual upper limit of the frequency range for a young person.
[3]
State one difference and one similarity between the oscillations of a stationary sound wave and a progressive sound wave.
[2]
You are provided with a ray-box, a semi-circular block of plastic and other normal laboratory equipment. The outline of the block is shown below.
Describe how you could measure the refractive index n of the block using the critical angle method. Draw on the diagram and label it to make your answer clear.
[3]
Define the work function of a metal.
[1]
The work function of potassium is 2.3 eV.
Potassium emits electrons from its surface when blue light is incident on it. Extremely intense red light produces no electrons.
Explain these observations in terms of photons and their energy.
[4]
Light from a laser is incident on some potassium in a vacuum. Electrons are emitted. The wavelength of the light is 320 nm.
Calculate the shortest de Broglie wavelength of the emitted electrons.
[4]
The circuit diagram of an electrical circuit is shown below.
The positive terminals of the batteries are connected together. One battery has electromotive force (e.m.f.) 4.5 V and internal resistance 0.80 
. The other battery has e.m.f. 2.4 V and internal resistance 0.50 . R is a coil of insulated wire of resistance 1.2 
at room temperature.
The switch S is closed.
On the diagram, draw an arrow to show the direction of the conventional current.
[1]
Calculate the current I shown by the ammeter.
[3]
The current measured by the ammeter is smaller than that calculated in (ii). This is because the temperature of R increased due to heating by the current.
Without any changes to the circuit itself, state and explain what practically can be done to make the measured current the same as the calculated current..
[2]
The diagram below shows the top-view of a long current-carrying wire.
The direction of the current in the wire is into the plane of the paper.
Draw at least three field lines to indicate the magnetic field pattern around this wire.
[2]
The diagram below shows a circuit to charge a capacitor.
The electromotive force (e.m.f.) E of the cell is 1.48 V and it has negligible internal resistance. The resistance of the resistor is 120 k
and the capacitance of the capacitor is 2000 
F. At time t = 0 the capacitor is uncharged. The switch is closed at time t = 0.
Calculate the time t when the potential difference across the capacitor is 1.00 V.
[4]
A capacitor of capacitance C is connected across a strip of conductive paper.
The switch is moved from X to Y, and the time t for the potential difference across the capacitor to halve is measured.
The time t is given by the expression
t = (Ck ln2) × L
where k is the resistance of the conductive paper per unit length and L is the length of the conductive paper.
The value of C is 1.2 × 10–3 F.
In an experiment, L is changed and t measured.
The data points are plotted on a t against L grid as shown below.
Draw a straight line of best fit through the data points, and use the gradient of this line to determine k.
[4]
A high-energy X-ray photon interacts with an electron of an atom through the Compton effect.
Describe this effect.
[2]
The diagram below shows a beam of X-rays incident normally on some soft tissue.
The attenuation (absorption) constant of the soft tissue is 0.85 cm–1. The intensity of the beam is 4.6 × 103 W m–2. There is a small cyst 2.1 cm from the surface of the soft tissue. The cross-sectional area of the cyst normal to the beam is 3.4 × 10–4 m2.
The beam is switched on for 30 s.
Calculate the X-ray energy incident on the cyst in a period of 30 s.
[4]
The attenuation coefficients of the cyst and the soft tissues in (b) were similar. This prevented imaging the cyst using a two-dimensional X-ray image.
Name a different X-ray technique that could be used to image the cyst. Explain the advantage of this technique.
[2]
The medical tracer fluorine-18 is used in positron emission tomography (PET). Fluorine-18 is a beta-plus emitter with a short half-life.
Describe how the fluorine-18 nuclei are located in a patient using a PET scanner.
[4]
Explain the function of the control rods and the moderator in a nuclear fission reactor.
[2]
Fig. 24 shows two horizontal metal plates in a vacuum.
The diagram is not drawn to scale. Electrons travelling horizontally enter the space between the charged plates and are deflected vertically.
The potential difference between the plates is 4000 V. The distance between the plates is 0.08 m. The initial speed of the electrons is 6.0 × 107 m s–1. The vertical deflection of the electrons at the far end of the plates is x.
The length of each plate is 0.12 m.
Show that the time t taken by the electron to travel this length is 2.0 × 10–9 s.
[1]
Calculate the vertical deflection x of the electron.
[2]
The arrangement shown in Fig. 24 is now used to investigate positrons emitted from a radioactive source. The speed of the positrons is also 6.0 × 107 m s–1.
The initial path of the positrons is the same as that of the electrons in Fig. 24.
On Fig. 24, sketch the path of the positrons between the plates.
[2]
Beta-minus particles (electrons) emitted from a radioactive source have a range of speeds.
Describe and explain how a uniform magnetic field can be applied in the space between the charged plates to select beta-minus particles with a specific speed. No calculations are required.
[3]
A researcher is doing an experiment on a radioactive solution in a thin glass tube. The solution has two radioactive materials X and Y. The table below shows some data on these two materials.
| Material X | Material Y | |
| Half-life | 10 minutes | 10 hours |
| Particles emitted | Alpha | Beta-minus |
| Daughter nuclei | Stable | Stable |
The solution has the same number of nuclei of X and Y at the start.
State and explain which material has the greatest activity at the start.
[1]
State why it is dangerous for the researcher to handle the test tube with bare hands.
[1]
Carbon-14 (146C) is produced in the upper atmosphere of the Earth by collisions between nitrogen nuclei and fast-moving neutrons. The nuclear transformation equation below shows the formation of a single carbon-14 nucleus.
State the proton number of particle X.
[1]
Use the data below to determine the binding energy per nucleon of the146C nucleus. Write your answer to 3 significant figures.
• mass of neutron = 1.675 × 10–27 kg
• mass of proton = 1.673 × 10–27 kg
• mass of146C nucleus = 14.000 u
• 1 u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg
binding energy per nucleon =........ J per nucleon
[4]
The paper as printed
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