Coastal management

Outline processes leading to the formation of sand dunes.

Figure 5 is in the insert.

Figure 5 shows risk in the year 2100 under different sea level rise and human response scenarios in four types of coastal locations.

Analyse the information shown in Figure 5.

Figure 6 is in the insert.

Figure 6 shows five steps of an integrated flood management plan aimed at reducing risk of coastal flooding.

Using Figure 6 and your own knowledge, assess the sustainability of management strategies in reducing risk of coastal flooding.

With reference to one or more coastal environment(s) that you have studied, analyse factors and processes leading to the development of a high energy, erosional coastal landscape.

Outline the sequence in the development of a sea stack.

Figure 5a and Figure 5b are in the insert.

Figure 5a shows coastal zones of Vietnam.

Figure 5b shows coastal vulnerability due to erosion in Vietnam as a whole and by coastal zone.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 5a and Figure 5b.

Figure 6 is in the insert.

Figure 6 shows some challenges facing West Africa’s coastal resources.

Using Figure 6 and your own knowledge, assess potential approaches to managing this coastal region.

With reference to one or more coastal environments that you have studied, assess the potential impact of climate change on the development of landforms.

Outline processes of mass movement at the coastline.

Figure 5 shows the variation in tidal ranges at various locations across the British Isles. A standard deviation calculation has been started.

σ = standard deviation n = number in sample

Space for working

Complete the table and standard deviation calculation in Figure 5 and evaluate the usefulness of the technique in analysing this data.

Figures 6a, 6b and 6c are in the insert.

Figure 6a shows a photograph of mangrove taken above and below the water line.

Figure 6b shows the major benefits of mangrove for people.

Figure 6c shows the proportion of protected and unprotected mangrove in the ten largest nations with mangrove forests.

Using Figures 6a, 6b, 6c and your own knowledge, assess the sustainability of mangrove forests in coastal management.

To what extent do natural processes account for the changes in a local scale coastal landscape that you have studied?

Outline factors leading to the formation of fjords.

Figures 5a and 5b are in the insert.

Figure 5a shows geographical variation in the 1992–2014 global sea level change using satellite data.

Figure 5b shows geographical variation in the 1992–2019 global sea level change using another source of satellite data.

Using only Figures 5a and 5b, evaluate the relative usefulness of these sources in demonstrating eustatic sea level change.

Figure 6 is a photograph of part of the Mersey Estuary at Runcorn, Cheshire in 2019.

Note: Runcorn lies about 25 kilometres from the sea on the south bank of the tidal estuary of the River Mersey where the tidal range can be as high as 9 metres. This particular photograph was taken at low tide looking towards the north bank of the estuary. The River Mersey ends its approximately 110 km course in this tidal estuary.

Using Figure 6 and your own knowledge, assess the view that deposition is the most important factor in the development of this landscape.

With reference to a coastal landscape from beyond the UK, assess the role of human intervention in shaping the physical environment.

Outline the role of waves in the transportation of sediments at the coast.

Figure 5 is in the insert.

Figure 5 shows the distribution of coastal erosion and accretion (sediment build up) across selected European coastlines in 2004.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 5.

Figure 6 is a photograph of a landform located in the Humber Estuary, UK.

Note: This landform extends about 5 km across the Humber Estuary and is only 50 metres wide at its narrowest point. The Holderness coastline to the north comprises mainly boulder clay, which is unconsolidated material deposited at the end of the last ice age.

Using Figure 6 and your own knowledge, assess the relative importance of factors leading to the development of this landform.

To what extent can an understanding of feedback systems help with the management of one or more coastal landscapes that you have studied?

Explain the development of saltmarsh environments.

Figure 5 is in the insert.

Figure 5 shows data related to the distribution of beach erosion and accretion measured from 1984 to 2016. Accretion occurs when more sand is accumulated on beaches than is lost to erosion.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 5.

Figure 6 is a photograph of a stretch of coastline in the Mahia Peninsula, North Island, New Zealand.

Note: In New Zealand, there is a variety of coastal dune landforms. The dunes in Figure 6 are relatively small shore-parallel foredunes located immediately behind the beach. Dunes can be made up of a variety of surface dune types. They can form hills and ridges which can rise to a hundred metres or more above the shoreline and represent long-term accumulations of large volumes of sand.

Using Figure 6 and your own knowledge, assess the role of vegetation in the development of this landscape.

‘Shoreline management/integrated coastal zone management can effectively tackle the expected eustatic sea level change and associated threat to coastal landscapes over the coming decades.’

To what extent do you agree with this view?