Drainage basins, runoff & the flood hydrograph

Outline characteristic features of a drainage basin.

Figure 1 is in the insert.

Figure 1 shows the projected cumulative changes in greenhouse gas emissions by selected countries and groups of countries from 2015 to 2030.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 1.

Figure 2 is in the insert.

Figure 2 shows a simplified sustainable water supply system in north-east Ohio, USA.

Using Figure 2 and your own knowledge, assess the relative importance of physical and human factors in achieving a sustainable water supply.

Analyse factors driving change in the magnitude of carbon stores in a tropical rainforest that you have studied.

Outline how human factors impact upon the water cycle.

Figure 1a and Figure 1b are in the insert.

Figure 1a shows change in lake and river surface water temperature by global distribution between 1970 and 2010.

Figure 1b shows change in lake and surface water temperature by latitude between 1970 and 2010.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 1a and Figure 1b.

Figure 2 is in the insert.

Figure 2 shows river flow data measured at various gauging stations across parts of the UK on 7 November 2019.

Using Figure 2 and your own knowledge, assess factors affecting the likelihood of flooding across the UK.

With reference to a tropical rainforest that you have studied, evaluate attempts to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Outline the purpose of a flood hydrograph.

Figure 1 is in the insert.

Figure 1 shows information about freshwater abstraction in Finland in 2020.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 1.

Figure 2 is in the insert.

Figure 2 shows global proposed carbon sequestration rates compared to implemented carbon sequestration rates between 2000 and 2020.

Using Figure 2 and your own knowledge, assess the challenges associated with carbon sequestration.

Evaluate the potential impact of changes in the carbon budget on a tropical rainforest that you have studied.

Outline the relationship between the water cycle and the carbon cycle in the atmosphere.

Figure 1 is in the insert.

Figure 1 shows the impact of different rates of deforestation and afforestation upon land surface temperature (LST) at different latitudes. The data was collected between 2000 and 2011.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 1.

Figure 2 is in the insert.

Figure 2 shows a simplified version of Europe’s forest carbon cycle.

Using Figure 2 and your own knowledge, assess the implications of the data for attempts to manage carbon transfers.

With reference to a river catchment that you have studied, assess the potential factors which can impact upon the flood hydrograph.

Outline flows within the water cycle operating on a hill slope.

Figure 1 shows rainfall data, a measured hydrograph and a simulated hydrograph for Taguibo Watershed in Mindanao Island, southern Philippines. The data were collected from 13 to 17 April 2007. The simulated hydrograph is a computer-generated prediction of discharge.

Measured hydrograph Simulated hydrograph Rainfall

Analyse the data shown in Figure 1.

Figures 2a and 2b are in the insert.

Figure 2a shows two maps indicating the changing vegetation cover in the Taguibo Watershed in Agusan del Norte province, north-eastern Mindanao Island, Philippines, from 1976 and 2001. The third map shows how the area could be rehabilitated with natural vegetation.

Figure 2b shows the possible impact of a storm in 2007 upon the runoff volume in the Taguibo Watershed for each of the situations shown in Figure 2a.

Using Figure 2a, Figure 2b and your own knowledge, assess the potential impact of changing vegetation cover upon the runoff in this area.

To what extent does an understanding of feedback systems in the carbon cycle help with attempts to mitigate the impacts of climate change?