AQA A Level Psychology Paper 2: Psychology in Context June 2019 question paper 7182/2

According to the biological approach, which of the following statements is TRUE ?

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A Environment may influence the expression of the genotype.

B Genotype is just the expression of the environment.

C Outside influences cannot affect the expression of the genotype.

D Phenotype is only the expression of the genotype.

According to operant conditioning, which of the following statements is TRUE ?

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Briefly describe one role of the unconscious according to the psychodynamic approach.

A television advert for a new cleaning spray, called ‘Tiger’, shows an England rugby player vigorously scrubbing a stain on the carpet.

The rugby player gets exhausted and gives up. A small boy says, ‘Only Tiger power will get that out’ and hands the rugby player a bottle of Tiger. The rugby player draws tiger stripes on his own face, roars and the little boy laughs. The rugby player easily wipes the stain from the carpet using Tiger.

The boy claps and the advert ends with the text, ‘Anyone can battle stains with a Tiger on their side.’

Explain how the Tiger advert might influence viewers’ mediational processes.

The company paid the rugby player a lot of money to be in the advert.

Use your knowledge of social learning theory to explain why the company wanted to use a famous rugby player in the advert.

There was an overall increase in sales of Tiger following the advertisement campaign. Interestingly, the increase in sales was greater for male customers than for female customers. See Table 1 below.

Table 1 Sales figures before and after the Tiger advert

Calculate the percentage increase in sales of Tiger to male customers. Give your answer to two significant figures.

Show your workings.

Using your knowledge of social learning theory, suggest how the advert could be modified to increase the sales of Tiger to female customers.

Outline and evaluate Wundt’s role in the emergence of psychology as a science.

Which method of studying the brain would most accurately identify specific brain areas activated during a cognitive task?

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A Electroencephalogram (EEGs)

B Event-related potentials (ERPs)

C Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

D Post-mortem examinations

Figure 1 shows three different types of neuron. Use the letters from Figure 1 to answer the following questions.

1 0. Which neuron is only found in the brain/visual system/spinal cord?

1 0. Which neuron carries nerve impulses from the brain/spinal cord to muscles/glands?

1 0. Which neuron carries nerve impulses between neurons?

The adrenal gland is part of the endocrine system that produces adrenaline to help the body prepare for the fight or flight response.

Using an example of a gland and hormone, outline the function of the endocrine system. Do not use the adrenal gland/adrenaline as your example.

Kieran completes a quiz in his magazine and announces that he is ‘left brained’. “That’s just silly”, Sam says. “You cannot just be ‘left brained’, the whole brain works together to carry out functions.” “It’s not silly!” Kieran replies. “It says here that the left brain is responsible for speech and language.”

Discuss research into localisation of function in the brain and/or hemispheric lateralisation. Refer to Kieran and Sam’s discussion in your answer.

Which of the following does reliability refer to?

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A The accuracy of the data

B The consistency of the data

C The levels of the data

D The validity of the data

Which of the following is not a role of peer review in the scientific process?

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A To determine whether to award research funding

B To ensure only significant results are published

C To make sure research has high validity and reliability

D To retain the integrity of psychological research

Give one reason why it is important for scientific reports to include a referencing section?

It was recently reported in a newspaper that time spent playing team sports increases happiness levels. A researcher was keen to find out whether this was due to participating in a team activity or due to participating in physical activity, as he could not find any published research on this.

The researcher used a matched-pairs design. He went into the student café and selected the first 20 students he met. Each student was assigned to one of two groups.

Participants in Group A were requested to carry out 3 hours of team sports per week. Participants in Group B were requested to carry out 3 hours of exercise independently in a gym each week. All participants were told not to take part in any other type of exercise for the 4-week duration of the study.

All participants completed a happiness questionnaire at the start and end of the study. The researcher then calculated the improvement in happiness score for each participant.

Which of the following is correct?

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Would a directional or non-directional hypothesis be more suitable for the researcher to use? Explain your answer.

Write a suitable hypothesis for this experiment.

Identify the type of sampling method used in this experiment. Explain one limitation of using this sampling method in this study.

Identify one variable on which participants should be matched in this matched-pairs design. Explain how the researcher could assign matched participants to either Group A or Group B.

Explain one strength of using a matched-pairs design rather than a repeated-measures design.

The results of the study are given in Table 2, below.

The researcher decided to use the Sign Test to see whether there was a significant difference in the improvement in the scores between the two groups at the 5% level of significance.

Calculate the value of S in this study. Show your workings.

Table 3 Table of critical values of the sign test (S)

Significance is shown if the calculated value of S is equal to or less than the critical value.

Explain whether or not there was a significant difference in the improvement in the scores between the two groups. Use your answer to Question 22 and Table 3.

The validity of the data was questioned when the researcher presented his results. The researcher explained that he chose to use the happiness questionnaire because it had high concurrent validity.

Explain what it means for a test to have high concurrent validity.

The questionnaire had high concurrent validity.

Validity was still a concern because the researcher knew which participants were in each experimental group.

Explain how this could have affected the validity of the study.

Using your answer to Question 25, suggest one way in which the researcher could modify the study to improve the internal validity of the study? Justify your answer.

A psychology teacher read the researcher’s study on sport and happiness. She considered whether setting group tasks could improve her students’ level of happiness. She decided to conduct an independent groups experiment with 30 students taking A-level Psychology using the same happiness questionnaire.

Suggest an appropriate statistical test the psychology teacher could use to analyse the data. Justify your choice of test.

Design an independent groups experiment that the psychology teacher could conduct.

In your answer you should provide details of:

• the aim of the experiment

• identification and manipulation of variables including details of the task

• controls to minimise the effects of extraneous variables

• data handling and analysis – use of descriptive statistics and/or data presentation.

Justify your design choices.