Models of memory

Which two of the following statements about types of long-term memory are true ?

Shade two boxes only.

A Episodic memories are sometimes referred to as ‘action memories’.

B Episodic memories do not require information about facts to be stored.

C Procedural memories are often stored below the level of conscious awareness.

D Semantic memories are more difficult to describe than procedural memories.

E Semantic memories include knowing the rules of football.

Outline the procedure and/or findings of one study in which coding in memory was investigated.

Two types of long-term memory are semantic and episodic.

Outline two ways in which episodic memories are different from semantic memories.

Explain the results of this experiment with reference to the multi-store model of memory.

Briefly outline one way in which researchers have investigated the capacity of short-term memory.

Briefly outline one way in which researchers have investigated the duration of short-term memory.

Rory is talking with his grandparent and playing a game on his phone at the same time. The game involves matching blocks of the same colour to complete vertical and horizontal lines. It is only when his grandparent asks him to describe his route to school that Rory puts down his game so he can concentrate fully on his answer.

Discuss the working memory model. Refer to Rory’s behaviour in your answer.

Apart from the central executive, name and briefly outline two other components of the working memory model.

Evaluate the central executive as part of the working memory model.

Which type of long-term memory would be most associated with the following?

Write the correct type of long-term memory in the spaces provided.

Stored with reference to contextual information, eg time and place

Difficult to describe in words

Knowing the meaning of a word

Outline and evaluate research into duration in memory.

Most PIN codes are 4 digits long and are easy to remember. In contrast, mobile phone numbers are 11 digits long. Most people would not be able to remember a friend’s new mobile phone number unless they were able to say it to themselves several times without interruption.

Discuss the multi-store model of memory. Refer to the information above in your answer.

A researcher investigated the working memory model using a laboratory experiment. Forty students from a local college volunteered to take part.

In Condition A, 20 students performed the following two tasks at the same time:

• mentally counting backwards from 100

• tracking coloured shapes on a computer screen.

In Condition B, 20 different students performed the following two tasks at the same time:

• mentally counting backwards from 100

• reading a poem out loud.

The researcher predicted that the performance of students in Condition A would be better than the performance of students in Condition B.

Name the two components of working memory that would be involved in the performance of the tasks in Condition A.

Mentally counting backwards from 100:

Tracking coloured shapes on a computer screen:

Discuss one strength of the working memory model.

Two types of long-term memory are procedural memory and episodic memory.

Explain two differences between procedural memory and episodic memory.

In an investigation into memory, participants were presented with two different lists of

After seeing the lists, participants were tested on their ability to recall the words.

When tested immediately, participants found it more difficult to recall the words from List A in the correct order.

When tested after 30 minutes, participants found it more difficult to recall the words from List B in the correct order.

Using your knowledge of coding in memory, explain these findings.