OCR GCSE Biology B (21st Century) Depth in Biology Foundation June 2022 question paper J257/02

The circulatory system transports substances around the human body in the blood.

State the name of the organ that pumps blood around the human body.

Draw lines to connect each type of blood vessel with its correct description.

Vessel Description

State two nutrients that are absorbed into the blood in the digestive system.

State two gases that are exchanged between the air and the blood in the gaseous exchange system.

Complete the sentences to describe the organisms in the food web. Use the phrases in the list.

a community
a population
an ecosystem
an individual

One rabbit is........

All of the rabbits in the woodland are........

All of the organisms in the woodland are........

All of the organisms and their environment are........

State one example of an organism in the first trophic level of the woodland food web.

State one example of a producer in the woodland food web.

How many trophic levels does the longest food chain in the woodland food web have?

Number of trophic levels........

State one example of an organism that is in more than one trophic level in the woodland food web.

Antibiotics are used to treat some diseases.

Beth has influenza.

Which two statements explain why antibiotics will not cure Beth’s influenza?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Leo has cardiovascular disease.

Explain why antibiotics will not help to cure Leo’s cardiovascular disease.

Many bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.

Suggest why the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is dangerous.

Information about four different antibiotics is given in Table 3.1.

Fig. 3.1 shows the number of infections (rounded to the nearest 100) with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in England over five years. The data for two of the years have not been plotted.

The number of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in 2016 was 14 800.

Plot the data for 2016 on Fig. 3.1.

Four students predict what the number of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria might have been in 2019. Their predictions are shown in Table 3.2.

Which student’s prediction do you think is most likely to be correct?

Explain your answer.

Student........

Explanation........

Charlie investigates whether different antibiotics can affect the growth of a type of bacteria. The diagram shows the apparatus they use.

Charlie places a drop of liquid containing the bacteria in the centre of each of four Petri dishes. Each Petri dish already contains a different antibiotic.

The method Charlie uses is shown in Fig. 3.2.

1. Remove the lid from the Petri dish.

2. Remove the lid from the glass bottle containing bacteria.

3. Wipe the glass dropper with tissue to clean it.

4. Use the glass dropper to transfer a drop of liquid containing bacteria from the bottle to the centre of the Petri dish.

Fig. 3.2

Describe four ways to improve Charlie’s method to include aseptic techniques.

Charlie concludes that the bacteria are resistant to all of the antibiotics except antibiotic C.

Describe the evidence in Fig. 3.3 that supports Charlie’s conclusion.

A cutting is taken from a leafy branch of a plant. When the cutting is placed in water, roots begin to grow from the branch.

The cutting takes in substances from its surroundings to stay alive.

Complete the table to describe the substances taken into the cutting and what they are used

The cells that make up the cutting’s leaves contain chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Explain how chloroplasts and mitochondria enable the cutting to grow.

Chloroplasts........

Mitochondria........

Although the cutting had no roots at first, it could grow new roots because it has meristem cells.

Explain what the meristem cells did to make roots.

Malaria is a disease that can be deadly. Around the world, there are hundreds of millions of cases of malaria every year.

The pathogen that causes malaria is spread by mosquitoes.

Which type of pathogen causes malaria?

Bacterium Fungus Protist Virus

Mosquitoes can be killed with insecticide. However, in the case of mosquitoes that spread malaria, many of the mosquitoes have become resistant to insecticide.

The insecticide resistance was caused by a mutation in the mosquitoes’ DNA.

Which statement about mutations is true?

Tick (✓) one box.

The mutation that causes insecticide resistance is now very common in the mosquito population.

Statements A, B, C and D can be used to explain why the mutation has become so common. The statements are not in the correct order.

A Insecticide was used in some places where the mosquitoes lived.

B More mosquitoes in the next generation inherited the mutation.

C Mosquitoes with the mutation were not killed.

D These mosquitoes were able to produce more offspring.

Write the letters of the statements in the correct order to explain why the mutation has become so common.

What is the name of the process described by statements A, B, C and D ?

Scientists have genetically engineered a fungus to allow it to make a protein that is usually only made by spiders.

Describe what is meant by a ‘genetically engineered fungus’.

* The spider protein made by the genetically engineered fungus can kill mosquitoes. Scientists could release the fungus in areas where malaria is common.

Explain the possible benefits and risks of releasing the fungus.

In the 19th century, Gregor Mendel did experiments to investigate the inheritance of flower colour in pea plants.

In his first experiment, Mendel bred two ‘parent’ plants.

He recorded the flower colour of the ‘parent’ plants and their offspring in the ‘first generation’, as shown in Table 6.1.

Scientists have now worked out which alleles the plants in this experiment had, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

State the genotype of ‘parent’ plant 1.

Describe the phenotype of ‘parent’ plant 2.

What is the probability that a plant in the ‘first generation’ will have red flowers?

0.25 0.5 1 4

What can you conclude about the R and r alleles?

Use the information in Table 6.1 and Fig. 6.1 to help you.

R allele........

r allele........

In his next experiment, Mendel bred plants from the ‘first generation’. This created a ‘second generation’ of offspring.

The alleles of the plants are shown in Fig. 6.2.

Describe the flower colours Mendel would have observed in the ‘second generation’ of offspring.

Flower colour of plants with alleles RR........

Flower colour of plants with alleles Rr........

Flower colour of plants with alleles rr........

Calculate the percentage of plants in the ‘second generation’ that have the alleles Rr

What can you conclude about the ratio of red flowered plants to white flowered plants in the ‘second generation’?

Ratio of red flowered plants to white flowered plants =........:........

The pupil of the human eye changes size in different light levels.

A diagram of the eye is shown in Fig. 7.1.

Which structure in the eye changes the size of the pupil?

Tick (✓) one box.

The pupil changing size is a reflex action that happens in response to light. It uses a reflex arc in the nervous system.

The pupil reflex arc includes a sensory neuron that connects the eye to the spinal cord.

State two other types of neurons that must be part of the pupil reflex arc.

Ali plans to investigate the effect of light brightness on the diameter of the pupil of a person’s eye.

The method Ali plans to use is shown in Fig. 7.2.

1. Shine a bright light into the person’s eye.

2. Hold a ruler up to their eye and measure the diameter of the pupil.

3. Repeat with light at a different brightness.

Fig. 7.2

Ali’s teacher says that Ali’s method is not safe and could damage the person’s eye.

Identify the structure in the person’s eye that could be damaged by step 1, and suggest why the damage would affect the person’s vision.

Structure that could be damaged........

Why this would affect the person’s vision........

Identify the structure in the person’s eye that could be damaged by step 2, and suggest why the damage would affect the person’s vision.

Structure that could be damaged........

Why this would affect the person’s vision........

What was the diameter of the person’s pupil in complete darkness?

What would you conclude is the smallest possible diameter of the person’s pupil?

Explain your answer.

Calculate the rate at which the pupil diameter changed between 25% and 50% light brightness.

Rate =........ mm / %

* Describe a method that can be used to collect the data shown in Fig. 7.3. Assume that 100% light brightness is a normally lit room.

In your answer you should describe:

• how you would safely change the light brightness and measure the results

• things you would do or control to make sure the measurements are as accurate as possible.