OCR GCSE Biology B (21st Century) Breadth in Biology Foundation June 2022 question paper J257/01

Complete the sentences about DNA and the production of proteins in cells.

The shape of DNA is called a double helix / nucleotide / nucleus.

Sections of DNA called genes / nucleotides / sugars tell the cell how to make proteins.

A protein is a polymer made of amino acids / fatty acids / sugars joined together in a particular order.

Carbohydrates / enzymes / fats are examples of proteins found in cells.

Hormones in the human body are produced by the endocrine system.

Insulin is an example of a hormone produced by the human body.

Which disease can insulin be used to treat?

This question is about cellular respiration.

Which statement describes the process of cellular respiration?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which type of cellular respiration produces ethanol?

Tick (✓) one box.

ATP is a product of cellular respiration.

Complete the table about ATP.

Tick (✓) one box in each column.

ATP is produced in mitochondria.

A light microscope cannot be used to see the detailed structure of mitochondria.

State one reason why an electron microscope can be used to see the detailed structure of mitochondria.

Complete each sentence about structures in the human body.

Use words from the list.

artery brain stem cerebellum heart kidney lens

motor pancreas retina sensory vein

A neuron that connects a receptor to the central

nervous system........

The organ that secretes insulin........

A blood vessel that contains valves and returns

blood to the heart........

An organ that removes water and urea from

the blood........

The part of the eye where an image forms........

The part of the brain that regulates heart rate........

Puffins are a species of bird.

Puffins nest on the Farne Islands off the coast of North East England.

Every 5 years the number of breeding pairs of puffins is counted. The data are shown in the table.

Describe the overall trend in the data from 2003 to 2013.

Which of the following could be a reason for the change in breeding pair numbers?

Tick (✓) one box.

What percentage of burrows had puffin chicks that hatched?

Use the data in the pie chart to calculate how many chicks would survive if there were 40 000 breeding pairs of puffins.

25 600 27 600 36 400 34 400

Puffins eat a diet high in protein.

Draw one line to connect the reagent used to test for protein and the colour of a positive test.

Reagent used to test for protein
Colour of positive test result

Elephants must maintain their body temperature within a set range.

Which word describes the maintenance of a constant internal environment?

active transport homeostasis osmosis respiration

Some elephants are kept in zoos.

A zookeeper measures the body temperature of five healthy elephants. The results are shown in the table.

Use the data in the table to work out the normal body temperature range of these elephants.

Normal body temperature range =........ to........ °C

Calculate the mean body temperature of the five elephants.

Give your answer to one decimal place.

An elephant is shown in the diagram.

Elephants live in hot climates and have very few sweat glands. They find it difficult to lose heat.

Which statement explains why elephants find it difficult to lose heat?

Tick (✓) one box.

Suggest one way elephants can reduce their body temperature.

Anika is investigating the growth of bacteria.

She takes a sample from a yoghurt drink that contains live bacteria and spreads it on an agar plate.

Anika incubates the agar plate for 3 days. After three days bacterial colonies have grown, as shown in the diagram.

Anika uses a light microscope to look at the bacterial colonies.

The image Anika can see under the microscope is blurry.

Describe how she should change the microscope to get a better image.

There can be millions of bacteria in one colony.

Assume each colony on the agar plate has 2 million bacteria.

Use the diagram to estimate the total number of bacteria on the agar plate.

Explain why this estimated number is not accurate.

Where is the genetic material in a bacterial cell found?

Fig. 8.1 shows a coral reef. Coral reefs are underwater ecosystems that support many different

Fig. 8.2 shows the amount of one species of coral present in a coral reef over time.

Describe the trend shown by the data in Fig. 8.2.

Coral reef is a habitat for many populations of fish.

Suggest how a population of fish may be affected by the trend shown in the graph. Give a reason for your suggestion.

The loss of live coral can be a result of an increase in water temperature.

Predict what will happen to this coral reef in the future. Give a reason for your answer.

Prediction........

Reason........

Coral are animals. They benefit from having photosynthesising algae living inside them.

Suggest one substance the algae provide the coral with.

Many marine ecosystems are threatened by human activity, such as overfishing.

Suggest two ways in which humans can have a positive effect on these ecosystems.

This question is about genetics.

Draw lines to connect each genetic term to its definition.

Genetic term
Definition

Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited disease. The disease is caused by a recessive allele.

The recessive allele is represented with an a, and the dominant allele is represented with an A.

Complete the table to show whether the person with each genotype will have sickle cell anaemia.

Tick (✓) one box in each row.

Amaya and Jack do not have sickle cell anaemia.

They want to have a baby. They decide to both have a genetic test.

Explain why Amaya and Jack decide to have a genetic test.

Kai is investigating transpiration in plants. The diagram shows a potometer.

Put sentences A to E in the correct order to describe how Kai can use the equipment in the diagram to measure transpiration rate.

One has been done for you.

A Cut a shoot and place it in the potometer.

B Seal gaps with petroleum jelly.

C Fill the potometer with water.

D Leave for a set amount of time and record the new position of the air bubble.

E Note the position of the air bubble.

Kai thinks temperature affects the rate of transpiration.

Describe how Kai could use the equipment in the diagram to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of transpiration.

Name the vessel that transports sugars in plants.

Sepsis is an illness. It happens when an infection changes the body’s normal immune response to infection.

Sepsis causes the immune system to damage the body’s organs and tissues.

Which type of cell in the blood is responsible for the damage to the tissues and organs?

Sepsis can cause blood clots to form.

Name the part of the blood that starts the clotting process.

Sepsis can be prevented by stopping the spread of microorganisms between people.

Suggest one way members of a community could help prevent the spread of microorganisms within the community.

Sepsis affects 30 million people worldwide each year.

3.0 × 10⁷ 30 × 10⁶ 30 × 10⁷ 30 000 00 × 10

Of the 30 million people affected by sepsis each year, 1.2 million are children.

Calculate the percentage of people affected by sepsis each year who are children.

Doctors in the USA tried a new treatment for sepsis.

47 patients were given the new treatment. 43 of these patients made a full recovery.

Should this treatment be used on all patients with sepsis?

Give one reason why the treatment should be used and two reasons why it should not.

Reason to use the treatment........

Reasons not to use the treatment.

Plants respond to their environment. One example is their response to light, as shown in the diagram.

Complete each sentence to explain how the plant shoot responds to light. Use words from the list.

auxins dark insulin less

light more progesterone shade

The response to light is controlled by plant hormones called........

When the plant is placed in an environment where the light is coming from one direction, there is an uneven distribution of the hormone in the shoot.

........ hormone collects on the side of the shoot that is in the shade.

This causes more cell elongation on the side of the shoot that is in the

........ so the shoot grows towards the light.

What word is used to describe a plant root’s response to gravity?

The diagram shows a cactus. It reproduces sexually by producing flowers.

There are 22 chromosomes in all of the cells in this cactus apart from the gamete cells.

Complete the table to identify how many chromosomes are present during the events that take place in the life cycle of a cactus.

Tick (✓) one box in each row.

A cactus must get water from the soil.

Which process reacts water with carbon dioxide in plant cells?

Tick (✓) one box.

Name the vessel in a plant that transports water up the stem.

The diagram shows a Pacific sea turtle. The sex of Pacific sea turtles’ offspring is determined by the temperature at which their eggs incubate.

Explain how sex determination in humans is different to sex determination in turtles.

The effect of temperature on the sex of the offspring is shown in the table.

In some locations in 2020 the female turtles outnumbered male turtles in a ratio of 116: 1.

Calculate the number of female turtles in a sample of 18 000 turtles.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

In the 1970s the ratio of female to male turtles was 6: 1.

What effect could the change in the ratios from 1970 to 2020 have on the population of sea turtles?

Explain your answer.

Suggest how scientists could help return the sex ratio in the next generation of turtles to that seen in the 1970s.