Edexcel GCSE Chemistry Paper 1 Foundation November 2021 question paper 1CH0/1F

Fertilisers are sometimes added to soil.

State why fertilisers are added to soil.

Fertilisers contain compounds of different elements. Three of these elements have the symbols K, N and P.

Use the periodic table to state the names of these three elements.

The fertiliser ammonium sulfate may be made by titrating ammonia solution with dilute sulfuric acid.

Three pieces of apparatus, P, Q and R, used to measure volumes of liquid are shown in Figure 1.

Give the names of the pieces of apparatus P and Q.

In the titration experiment, small volumes of dilute sulfuric acid are added gradually to the ammonia solution in a flask.

Give the letter, P, Q or R, of the piece of apparatus in Figure 1 that should be used to add the dilute sulfuric acid.

The titration experiment is used to produce a solution of ammonium sulfate.

Describe how solid ammonium sulfate should be obtained from this solution.

If liquid water is cooled below 0 °C it turns into the solid, ice.

Give the name for the change of state from liquid to solid.

Here are five statements about ice and water.

Place ticks in boxes by the two statements that are correct.

Figure 2 shows a label from a bottle of drinking water.

Explain why this drinking water should not be described as pure water.

State the information from Figure 2 that shows that the drinking water is neutral.

Calculate the mass of calcium ions in 250 cm³ of this drinking water.

State how you know that calcium is a metal from its position in the periodic table.

Hydrogen and oxygen are reactants in some fuel cells.

Which word equation shows the overall reaction that occurs in these fuel cells?

A torch contains a chemical cell. The torch is turned on and then left on for many hours.

Describe what you would see happen when the torch is turned on and then left for many hours.

A chemical cell can be made by placing two metals into an electrolyte.

Figure 3 shows how the voltage of a simple chemical cell can be measured.

A student investigated how the voltage of this cell was affected by the metal used for the rods.

Which is the only variable that should be changed in the investigation?

Explain why covering iron tools with a thin layer of grease prevents rusting.

Sacrificial protection is another way of preventing rusting.

An example of sacrificial protection is when lumps of zinc are connected to the iron-containing structure of an oil rig.

Explain how the zinc protects the iron from rusting.

When chromium reacts with oxygen, chromium oxide is formed.

Write the word equation for this reaction.

What type of reaction occurs when chromium reacts with oxygen?

Calculate the relative formula mass of chromium oxide, Cr₂O₃.

(relative atomic masses: O = 16, Cr = 52)

relative formula mass =_........

Three different metals are added to separate test tubes of acid.

The observations are shown in Figure 4.

Place the metals in order of reactivity from most to least reactive.

Hydrogen is given off when magnesium reacts with acid. The hydrogen is tested by collecting the gas in a test tube and igniting it.

What is the safest way to ignite the gas?

State the observation made in this test that shows that the gas is hydrogen.

Iron is extracted by heating iron oxide with carbon. Electrolysis of molten iron oxide is not used to extract iron.

State why iron can be extracted by heating iron oxide with carbon.

State why electrolysis is not used to extract iron.

Ammonia is made by reacting nitrogen with hydrogen.

The nitrogen and hydrogen are obtained from raw materials.

Draw one straight line from each gas to the raw material it is obtained from.

When nitrogen and hydrogen are reacted together, the reaction can reach a dynamic equilibrium.

Use words from the box to complete the sentences about dynamic equilibrium.

In a dynamic equilibrium two reactions occur at the same time.

These are the forward reaction and the_........ reaction.

The rates of the two reactions are_........ .

The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen happens at a pressure of 200 atmospheres.

Another unit of pressure is Pascals, Pa (1 atmosphere = 101 325 Pa).

Calculate the value of 200 atmospheres in Pascals.

Figure 5 shows molecules of nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia before the reaction and at equilibrium.

Complete the table showing

• the number of hydrogen molecules before reaction

• the number of hydrogen molecules at equilibrium

• the change in the number of hydrogen molecules.

Complete the equation for this reaction.

Hydrochloric acid reacts with solid B. Solid B is an alkali.

A student carries out an experiment to see how the pH changes when different masses of solid B are added to dilute hydrochloric acid.

The student uses the following method.

step 1 use a measuring cylinder to measure out 100cm³ of dilute hydrochloric acid

step 2 pour the acid into a beaker

step 3 measure the pH with a pH probe

step 4 add half a spatula of solid B and stir

step 5 repeat steps 3 and 4 until the pH stops changing.

Give a safety precaution that should be taken during the experiment.

Give an improvement to step 4 that would produce more accurate results.

What is the most likely change in pH during the experiment?

If some methyl orange indicator is added to the acid in step 2, the mixture changes colour during the experiment.

State the colour change.

colour at start in acid_........ colour at end_........

Concentrated hydrochloric acid can be broken down using electricity. The apparatus that can be used is shown in Figure 6.

Give the name of the piece of apparatus labelled X.

The rod labelled Y in Figure 6 is made of graphite.

What is the name of this piece of apparatus?

Give one reason why graphite is a suitable material to make Y.

Complete the balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.

This question is about the metal gold.

Gold can be hammered into shape.

State the name of this property.

Gold alloys can be used to repair teeth. One reason that gold alloys are used is that they can be hammered into shape.

Give one other reason why gold alloys are used to repair teeth.

A gold alloy contains 78 % gold by mass.

Calculate the mass of gold in 2.00 kg of this alloy. Give your answer in grams.

A substance used to purify gold is kept in a container. There are some hazard symbols on the container.

Draw one straight line from each hazard symbol to its meaning.

*(d) Some gold alloys contain copper.

Copper reacts with oxygen when heated.

copper + oxygen copper oxide

A teacher calculates that 1.20 g of copper reacts completely with oxygen to form 1.50 g of copper oxide.

A student heats 1.20 g of copper pieces in a container. Then they heat 1.20 g of copper powder in another container. After heating, the mass of the solid in the containers is found.

The results are shown in Figure 7.

Explain the observations and give reasons why the masses after heating are less than expected.

The scientist John Dalton lived over 200 years ago.

John Dalton suggested an early model of atoms.

When Dalton first described atoms he said that

• all elements are made of atoms

• atoms are not formed of any smaller particles

• all atoms of the same element are identical.

Give two differences between Dalton’s model of atoms and today’s model of atoms.

Dalton also investigated different gases.

One of the gases that Dalton investigated was ethene.

The structure of one molecule of ethene is shown in Figure 8.

Give the molecular formula and the empirical formula of ethene.

Another gas that Dalton investigated was chlorine.

Chlorine gas reacts with water. The two products are a solution of hydrogen chloride and the substance HC l O.

Complete the balanced equation for this reaction, including the three missing state symbols.

Hydrogen chloride solution is acidic.

The formulae of four ions are shown in Figure 9.

Give the formula of the ion in Figure 9 that causes the hydrogen chloride solution to be acidic.

An acid reacts with an alkali.

Give the name of this type of reaction.

Describe what you would see when some copper carbonate powder is added to a beaker of dilute sulfuric acid.

A sample of potable water contains impurities.

Why is this sample of water potable even though it contains impurities?

Waste water can be used to produce drinking water. The processes used include sedimentation, filtration and chlorination.

What is sedimentation?

State why the waste water is filtered.

State the reason for chlorination.

Some salts can be added to waste water to remove impurities. In an experiment, different masses of salt A were added to 1000cm³ samples of waste water. The experiment was repeated with salt B. The percentages of impurities removed from the waste water are shown in Figure 10.

mass of salt in mg per 1000cm³ water

Figure 10

It was concluded that the best way to purify 1000cm³ of the waste water is to add 100 mg of salt B.

Use the information about salt A and salt B in Figure 10 to evaluate this conclusion.

*(d) A sample of water was contaminated with a dissolved solid.

Devise a plan to separate pure water from this mixture, including a test to show that the water obtained is neutral.

You may use some or all of the apparatus shown in Figure 11 and any other laboratory apparatus.

Aluminium alloys are used instead of pure aluminium in aircraft manufacture.

Explain, in terms of the arrangement of metal particles, why aluminium alloys are stronger than pure aluminium.

A 695.0 g sample of an aluminium-magnesium alloy contains 2.00 % by mass of magnesium.

Calculate the mass of aluminium in this sample.

mass of aluminium =_........

Figure 12 shows a graph of the relative strength of aluminium-magnesium alloys when the percentage by mass of magnesium in the alloy is changed.

percentage by mass of magnesium in alloy

Figure 12

Describe what Figure 12 shows about the relative strength of these alloys when the percentage by mass of magnesium changes.

Determine, using Figure 12, the percentage by mass of aluminium in an aluminium‑magnesium alloy with a relative strength of 103.

percentage by mass of aluminium =_........

Metal objects can be electroplated with gold.

Give two reasons why metal objects are electroplated with gold.