The structure of an atom

This question is about atoms.

Figure 9 represents an atom.

Label Figure 9.

Choose answers from the box.

Name the element represented by Figure 9.

Use the periodic table.

Why does an atom have an overall electrical charge of zero?

Draw one line from each description of structure size to the correct structure.

An atom of one element has a radius of 0.000 000 348 mm.

How should 0.000 000 348 mm be written in standard form?

Tick (✓) one box.

0.348 × 10^–6 mm

0.348 × 10^–7 mm

3.48 × 10^–6 mm

3.48 × 10^–7 mm

Scientists have developed different models of the atom over time.

Figure 10 shows the Dalton model of the atom and a more recent model of the atom.

Name the more recent model in Figure 10.

Give one difference between the models of the atom shown in Figure 10.

This question is about atoms.

Complete Figure 9 to represent this atom of lithium.

You should draw and label the sub-atomic particles.

Scientific models of the atom have included: the Dalton atom

the plum pudding model

the nuclear atom.

Explain why the model of the atom has changed over time.

You should refer to these three models.

An atom has a radius of 0.348 nm.

Calculate the radius of the atom in metres.

Give your answer in standard form.

In chemistry, a pure substance is a single element or compound.

Describe how measurements taken during a change of state can show if a substance is pure.

The electromagnetic spectrum is grouped into different types of wave.

Draw one line from each type of wave to a use of the wave.

Infrared radiation is emitted by heaters.

A student investigated the absorption of infrared radiation by a black surface and by a white surface.

Figure 2 shows some of the equipment used.

This is the method used.

1. Ensure that the initial temperature shown on the thermometers is the same.

2. Switch on the infrared heater.

3. Record the temperature shown on each thermometer every 30 seconds for 5 minutes.

What equipment should the student have used to measure time?

The distance between the infrared heater and each thermometer was kept the same throughout the investigation.

What type of variable was the distance?

Tick (✓) one box.

A control variable

A dependent variable

An independent variable

What was a risk to the student in the investigation?

Tick (✓) one box.

Burns from the infrared heater

Misreading the thermometers

Wearing safety glasses

Figure 3 shows the results.

What was the temperature of the room where the investigation took place?

Use Figure 3.

Temperature = ______________ ° C

What two conclusions can be made from Figure 3?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

The black surface absorbed all the infrared radiation.

The black surface had a greater temperature increase per second.

The black surface reflected all the infrared radiation.

The black surface was a better absorber of infrared radiation.

The black surface was a better reflector of infrared radiation.

Figure 4 shows a thermometer with a grey surface.

The investigation was repeated using this thermometer.

The distance between the thermometer and the heater was the same as in the first investigation.

The room temperature was the same as the first investigation.

Draw a line on Figure 3 to predict the results for the thermometer shown in Figure 4

This question is about atomic structure.

An atom contains three types of particles.

Table 1 shows some information about the particles.

Complete Table 1.

Models of the atom have changed over time.

Figure 10 shows an early model of the atom.

What is the name of the model of the atom in Figure 10 ?

Tick (✓) one box.

Dalton’s model

Nuclear model

Plum pudding model

Alpha particles can be used to investigate the structure of atoms.

Alpha particles have a relative mass of 4.

What is an alpha particle?

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Two electrons and two neutrons

Two neutrons and two protons

Two protons and two electrons

Alpha particles from a source were directed at thin gold foil.

Figure 11 shows some of the paths the alpha particles followed.

Table 2 shows the number of alpha particles that followed paths A, B and C.

The number of alpha particles on path A was greater than the number of alpha particles on path B.

Calculate how many times greater.

The ratio of alpha particles on path B to alpha particles on path C can be shown as:

7920: 198

What is 7920: 198 written as its simplest ratio?

Tick (✓) one box.

40: 1

500: 1

8000: 1

How does Figure 11 provide evidence for a nucleus in a gold atom?

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Alpha particles following path C are bounced back.

Most alpha particles follow path A.

The alpha particles from the source travel in straight lines.

Figure 12 represents four atoms.

On the periodic table, helium is shown as:

Which atom in Figure 12 represents an atom of helium?

Tick (✓) one box.

W X Y Z

Which two atoms in Figure 12 represent isotopes of the same element?

Tick (✓) one box.

W and X

W and Z

X and Y

Y and Z

An atom has a radius of 0.182 nm.

Calculate the radius of the atom in metres.

1 m = 1 000 000 000 nm

Ultraviolet, infrared and visible light are part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Neon atoms can absorb electromagnetic radiation.

Figure 13 shows three of the energy levels around the nucleus of a neon atom.

The atom in Figure 13 has absorbed electromagnetic radiation.

What happens as an electron moves from energy level B to energy level A ?

Tick (✓) one box.

Light is absorbed

Light is emitted

Light is reflected

An electromagnetic wave has a speed of 300 000 000 m/s.

What is the speed of the wave in standard form?

Tick (✓) one box.

3.0 × 10⁷ m/s

3.0 × 10⁸ m/s

3.0 × 10⁹ m/s

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer questions 09.4 and 09.5.

Write down the equation that links frequency (f), wavelength (λ) and wave speed (v).

The electromagnetic wave has a frequency of 750 000 Hz.

Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.

Give the unit.

Ultraviolet, infrared and visible light are part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Neon atoms can absorb electromagnetic radiation.

Figure 1 shows three of the energy levels around the nucleus of a neon atom.

The atom in Figure 1 has absorbed electromagnetic radiation.

What happens as an electron moves from energy level B to energy level A ?

Tick (✓) one box.

Light is absorbed

Light is emitted

Light is reflected

An electromagnetic wave has a speed of 300 000 000 m/s.

What is the speed of the wave in standard form?

Tick (✓) one box.

3.0 × 10⁷ m/s

3.0 × 10⁸ m/s

3.0 × 10⁹ m/s

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer questions 01.4 and 01.5.

Write down the equation that links frequency (f), wavelength (λ) and wave speed (v).

The electromagnetic wave has a frequency of 750 000 Hz.

Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.

Give the unit.

The atomic model has changed over time.

Alpha particles have been used to investigate the atomic model.

Describe the structure of an alpha particle.

An atom has a radius of 0.182 nm.

1 m = 1 000 000 000 nm

What is the radius of the atom in metres?

Tick (✓) one box.

1.82 × 10⁹ m

1.82 × 10¹⁰ m

1.82 × 10⁻⁹ m

1.82 × 10⁻¹⁰ m

Alpha particles from a source were directed at thin gold foil.

Figure 6 shows some of the paths the alpha particles followed.

During one experiment the number of alpha particles following different paths was recorded.

Table 2 shows the number of alpha particles that followed paths A, B and C.

Determine the simplest ratio of alpha particles following paths A, B and C.

Simplest ratio of A: B: C = __________________: __________________: 1

Explain how the results provide evidence for the nuclear model of the atom.

Use Figure 6 and Table 2.

An atom of boron can be represented as¹¹₅B

An atom of carbon can be represented as¹²₆C

Compare the number of sub-atomic particles in the atom of boron and in the atom of carbon.

Boron and carbon both have isotopes.

What does ‘isotope’ mean?

This question is about greenhouse gases.

Methane is a greenhouse gas.

Name one other greenhouse gas.

Greenhouse gases cause global warming.

Global warming can cause a decrease in biodiversity.

What is biodiversity?

Tick (✓) one box.

The differences in sunlight in an area

The range of temperatures in an area

The variety of organisms in an area

Destruction of peat bogs decreases biodiversity.

Give one reason why peat bogs are being destroyed.

Which two human activities can increase biodiversity?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Building more roads

Growing hedgerows between fields

Increasing the use of pesticides

Planting more woodlands

Selective breeding of farm animals

Methane (CH₄) is a small molecule.

A small molecule has a diameter of 1.0 nm.

1 m = 1 000 000 000 nm

What is the diameter of the small molecule in metres?

Tick (✓) one box.

1.0 × 10¹⁰ m

1.0 × 10⁹ m

1.0 × 10^‒9 m

1.0 × 10^‒10 m

Which structure is larger than a methane molecule?

Tick (✓) one box.

A carbon atom

An electron

A neutron

A protein

Figure 1 shows the concentration of methane in the Earth’s atmosphere from 2015 to 2019.

What was the concentration of methane in the Earth’s atmosphere in 2016?

Use Figure 1.

Concentration = ___________________ arbitrary units

Give one conclusion from Figure 1.

Figure 1 represents a neon atom.

What is the name of the centre of the atom?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which particle has a positive charge?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which particle has the smallest mass?

Tick (✓) one box.

What is the electronic structure of neon?

Use Figure 1.

Tick (✓) one box.

There are 18 particles of neon in every 1 000 000 particles of air.

Which equation shows how to calculate the percentage of neon particles in the air?

Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 2 shows a sign containing neon. The sign is connected to an electrical supply.

The sign glows when the electrical supply is switched on.

What type of electromagnetic radiation is emitted by the neon atoms when the sign is switched on?

Tick (✓) one box.

Some elements emit ultraviolet (UV) radiation when electricity is supplied.

Sun tanning beds emit UV radiation.

Give two health risks of exposure to UV radiation.

Figure 6 shows two isotopes of neon.

Compare the number of sub-atomic particles in an atom of neon-20 and an atom of neon-21

There are 18 neon atoms in every million particles of air.

Of these 18 neon atoms, 0.27% are neon-21 atoms.

Calculate the percentage of particles in air that are neon-21 atoms.

Figure 7 shows a sign containing neon.

The sign is connected to an electrical supply.

The neon atoms gain energy when the sign is switched on.

Explain why the sign glows when the electrical supply is switched on.