AQA GCSE Synergy Paper 1: Life and environmental sciences Foundation June 2022 question paper 8465/1F

There are many different types of cell in the human body.

Each type of body cell is specialised for a different function.

Draw one line from each type of cell to the function of that cell.

Figure 1 shows a doctor testing a reflex action of a patient.

When the doctor touches the patient’s foot with a blunt rod, the patient’s toes curl.

Where are the receptors in this reflex action?

Tick (✓) one box.

In the brain

In the foot

In the leg

What is the coordinator in this reflex action?

Tick (✓) one box.

The blunt rod

The central nervous system

The sensory neurone

What is the response in this reflex action?

Tick (✓) one box.

Feeling the blunt rod

The blunt rod touching the skin

The toes curling

Muscle cells use oxygen for respiration.

Explain why muscle cells need to respire.

Fatty material can build up in coronary arteries.

The flow of blood through coronary arteries may be reduced.

Which organ contains coronary arteries?

There are different treatments for coronary diseases.

Draw one line from each treatment to how the treatment works.

Some medical drugs can be produced using genetically modified (GM) bacteria.

How are GM bacteria produced?

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All genes are removed from the bacteria.

Bacteria are grown in a solution of the drug.

Genes are transferred into the bacteria.

What is one benefit of producing drugs using GM bacteria?

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Large quantities of the drug can be produced.

Non-GM bacteria live longer than GM bacteria.

The GM bacteria that produce the drug are very infectious.

Scientists are investigating the production of organs from GM animals for transplanting into humans.

What is an advantage of using organs from GM animals compared with using organs from human donors?

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Organs from GM animals are less likely to be rejected by the human immune system.

Organs from GM animals are not likely to function correctly.

There are more human donors than the number of people who need a transplant.

Suggest one reason why some people disagree with the use of GM animals.

A student investigated the mass, volume and density of some solid metal cubes.

Figure 2 shows one of the cubes. The length of one side is shown.

Name a piece of equipment the student could use to measure the length of one side of the cube.

What is the volume of the cube in Figure 2 ?

Tick (✓) one box.

6.0 cm³

9.0 cm³

27.0 cm³

54.0 cm³

A different cube has a mass of 13 g.

The volume of this cube is 8.0 cm³.

Calculate the density of the cube.

Use the equation:

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Density (2 significant figures) = g/cm³ _________________

The student also investigated the density of a key.

Figure 3 shows the key.

Which piece of equipment could be used to measure the mass of the key?

Tick (✓) one box.

Balance

Stopwatch

Thermometer

Figure 4 shows a measuring cylinder containing water.

Describe how the equipment in Figure 4 could be used to measure the volume of the key.

Classification of living organisms has changed over time.

Cabbage and cauliflower plants are both the same species, Brassica oleracea.

What is the genus name of cabbage and cauliflower?

Tick (✓) one box.

Brassica

Brassica oleracea

Oleracea

Figure 5 shows the evolution of some plants.

Cabbage and cauliflower evolved into a new species 9 million years ago.

Rapeseed and turnip evolved more recently.

How many million years ago did rapeseed and turnip evolve into two species?

_________________ million years ago

Farmers have gradually changed Brassica oleracea over thousands of years to produce different varieties.

Which process produced the different varieties of Brassica oleracea ?

Tick (✓) one box.

Active transport

Selective breeding

Transpiration

Scientists investigated the genome of cabbage and the genome of cauliflower.

What does genome mean?

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A mutation in the DNA

All of the DNA in an organism

The DNA in one gene

Cabbage and cauliflower have some of the same genes.

Figure 6 shows the number of genes found:

only in cabbage

only in cauliflower

in cabbage and in cauliflower.

Cabbage contains a total of 30 000 genes.

Calculate the percentage of genes in cabbage that are found in both cabbage and cauliflower.

Use the equation:

How does Figure 6 provide evidence that cabbage and cauliflower are closely related?

Tick (✓) one box.

Cabbage and cauliflower contain the same number of genes.

More genes are only found in cauliflower than only in cabbage.

Most genes are the same in cabbage and in cauliflower.

Chlamydia, HIV and human papillomavirus (HPV) are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Which other disease is sexually transmitted?

Tick (✓) one box.

Flu

Gonorrhoea

Malaria

Measles

Students were asked to estimate the percentage risk of a person becoming infected with different STDs.

The estimate was compared to the actual percentage risk of infection.

Figure 7 shows the results.

The students estimated that the risk of HIV infection was 60%.

Plot the students’ estimated risk of HIV infection on Figure 7.

Which STD in Figure 7 shows the greatest actual risk?

Calculate the difference between the estimated risk and the actual risk of becoming infected with chlamydia.

What conclusion can be made about the estimated risk of infection compared to the actual risk of infection with STDs?

Name one type of contraception that can control the spread of chlamydia.

Patients with HPV infections are at increased risk of cancer.

Suggest what effect HPV has on human DNA.

Figure 8 shows a human sperm cell.

Cell part A contains DNA.

Name part A.

Describe the structure of DNA.

Sperm cells are male gametes.

What are female gametes called?

Figure 9 shows the chromosomes in a sperm cell.

Describe one difference between the chromosomes in a sperm cell and the chromosomes in a liver cell.

A sperm with the same chromosomes as those in Figure 9 fertilises a female gamete.

Explain what sex the offspring would be.

Use information from Figure 9 in your answer.

This question is about atomic structure.

An atom contains three types of particles.

Table 1 shows some information about the particles.

Complete Table 1.

Models of the atom have changed over time.

Figure 10 shows an early model of the atom.

What is the name of the model of the atom in Figure 10 ?

Tick (✓) one box.

Dalton’s model

Nuclear model

Plum pudding model

Alpha particles can be used to investigate the structure of atoms.

Alpha particles have a relative mass of 4.

What is an alpha particle?

Tick (✓) one box.

Two electrons and two neutrons

Two neutrons and two protons

Two protons and two electrons

Alpha particles from a source were directed at thin gold foil.

Figure 11 shows some of the paths the alpha particles followed.

Table 2 shows the number of alpha particles that followed paths A, B and C.

The number of alpha particles on path A was greater than the number of alpha particles on path B.

Calculate how many times greater.

The ratio of alpha particles on path B to alpha particles on path C can be shown as:

7920: 198

What is 7920: 198 written as its simplest ratio?

Tick (✓) one box.

40: 1

500: 1

8000: 1

How does Figure 11 provide evidence for a nucleus in a gold atom?

Tick (✓) one box.

Alpha particles following path C are bounced back.

Most alpha particles follow path A.

The alpha particles from the source travel in straight lines.

Figure 12 represents four atoms.

On the periodic table, helium is shown as:

Which atom in Figure 12 represents an atom of helium?

Tick (✓) one box.

W X Y Z

Which two atoms in Figure 12 represent isotopes of the same element?

Tick (✓) one box.

W and X

W and Z

X and Y

Y and Z

An atom has a radius of 0.182 nm.

Calculate the radius of the atom in metres.

1 m = 1 000 000 000 nm

The human immune system responds to pathogens entering the body.

Which part of the blood is responsible for an immune response?

Tick (✓) one box.

Platelets

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Some pathogens release toxins in the body.

Name the type of substance produced in the body that destroys the toxins.

Cells in the immune system engulf pathogens.

What is the name of this process?

Plants release pollen.

The human breathing system has defences against the entry of pollen and pathogens.

Draw one line from each adaptation of the breathing system to the description of that adaptation.

The immune response to pollen is an example of an allergy.

Suggest two symptoms of an allergy to pollen.

An allergy to pollen cannot be treated using antibiotics.

Suggest why.

Explain one problem caused by the overuse of antibiotics.

Ultraviolet, infrared and visible light are part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Neon atoms can absorb electromagnetic radiation.

Figure 13 shows three of the energy levels around the nucleus of a neon atom.

The atom in Figure 13 has absorbed electromagnetic radiation.

What happens as an electron moves from energy level B to energy level A ?

Tick (✓) one box.

Light is absorbed

Light is emitted

Light is reflected

An electromagnetic wave has a speed of 300 000 000 m/s.

What is the speed of the wave in standard form?

Tick (✓) one box.

3.0 × 10⁷ m/s

3.0 × 10⁸ m/s

3.0 × 10⁹ m/s

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer questions 09.4 and 09.5.

Write down the equation that links frequency (f), wavelength (λ) and wave speed (v).

The electromagnetic wave has a frequency of 750 000 Hz.

Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave.

Give the unit.

Students investigated the effect of different concentrations of salt solution on the mass of pieces of potato.

This is the method used.

1. Cut three pieces of potato, each with a mass of 2.00 g.

2. Place the pieces of potato into a salt solution with a concentration of 0.2 mol/dm³

3. After 30 minutes, measure the mass of each piece of potato.

4. Calculate the change in mass.

5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 for five other concentrations of salt solution.

Table 3 shows the results.

Give two control variables the students should have used in the investigation.

Do not refer to mass or time in your answer.

Calculate value X in Table 3.

Figure 14 shows a potato cell.

Explain why the mass of the pieces of potato increased in the 0.2 mol/dm³ salt solution.

You should refer to the cell parts labelled in Figure 14.

The image in Figure 14 was made using an electron microscope and not a light microscope.

Give one piece of evidence to support this.

Starch is digested in the gut.

Why is digestion of starch needed?

Tick (✓) one box.

Starch is a carbohydrate.

Starch molecules are insoluble.

Starch molecules are small.

Describe the process of starch digestion.