AQA GCSE Synergy Paper 3: Physical sciences Higher June 2022 question paper 8465/3H

This question is about structure and bonding.

Why can metals be shaped?

Tick (✓) one box.

Different-sized atoms distort the structure.

Layers of atoms slide over each other.

Metallic bonds are weak.

Metals have low melting points.

Explain how metals conduct electricity.

You should answer in terms of electrons.

Figure 1 represents the structure of diamond and of sodium chloride.

Compare the structure and bonding of diamond with the structure and bonding of sodium chloride.

Ethene (C₂H₄) is a small molecule.

Calculate the relative formula mass (M_r) of ethene.

Relative atomic masses (A_r): C = 12 H = 1

Ethene molecules join together to form long-chain poly(ethene) molecules.

Explain why poly(ethene) has a higher melting point than ethene.

You should refer to the:

Figure 2 shows a boat on the sea.

The boat is travelling at a constant speed.

Draw an arrow on Figure 2 to show the size and direction of the force of the water on the propeller.

A quantity can be a scalar quantity or a vector quantity.

Identify which quantities are scalar quantities and which quantities are vector quantities.

Tick (✓) one box in each row.

Which equation links distance (s), speed (v) and time (t)?

Tick (✓) one box.

The speed of the boat is 12 m/s.

Calculate the time taken to travel 6000 m.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

Figure 3 shows the forces acting on the boat when it is moving at a constant speed.

The engine of the boat is turned off. The boat slows down and stops.

Explain what happens to the forces acting on the boat.

Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid.

The equation for the reaction is:

CaCO₃(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CaCl₂(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)

A student investigated the effect of changing the surface area of the calcium carbonate on the rate of this reaction.

The student used calcium carbonate in the form of lumps and of powder.

Figure 4 shows the apparatus.

The rate of reaction is determined by measuring the decrease in mass of the conical flask and contents at regular time intervals.

Give the reason why the mass of the conical flask and contents decreases.

The mean rate of reaction using the calcium carbonate lumps was 0.0012 g/s.

Calculate the time taken for the mass of the conical flask and contents to decrease by 0.36 g.

The results showed that calcium carbonate powder reacted faster than calcium carbonate lumps.

Explain why calcium carbonate powder reacted faster than calcium carbonate lumps.

The surface area of a calcium carbonate lump can be estimated by comparing the lump with a cube.

Figure 5 shows a cube and a similar-sized calcium carbonate lump.

Figure 5

Calculate the total surface area of the cube in Figure 5.

Total surface area = cm² ________________

The total surface area of the calcium carbonate lump in Figure 5 is estimated rather than measured.

Suggest one reason why.

Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce water.

Figure 6 represents the equation for the reaction.

Figure 6

Table 1 shows bond energies.

Calculate the energy released during bond formation in the reaction.

Use Figure 6 and Table 1.

Energy released = __________________ kJ/mol

In the reaction to produce water, the energy needed to break bonds is less than the energy released when bonds are formed.

Which reaction profile represents this reaction?

Tick (✓) one box.

Complete the dot and cross diagram for a water molecule.

Explain why hydrogen gas (H₂) consists of molecules rather than single atoms.

Figure 7 shows a student driving a bumper car at a theme park.

Figure 8 shows how the speed of the bumper car changed during a time of 20 seconds.

Estimate the distance travelled by the bumper car during the 20 seconds.

The bumper car motor has an efficiency of 80%.

The useful power output of the motor is 220 W.

Calculate the total power input to the motor.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

A bumper car collides with a stationary barrier and stops.

The student is wearing a seatbelt.

Explain how the seatbelt stops the student moving.

When the bumper car collided with the barrier, the bumper car came to a stop in a time of 600 ms.

The deceleration of the student was 2.0 m/s².

Calculate the initial velocity of the student.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

This question is about the extraction of metals.

Name the process that uses bacteria to extract metals.

Iron can be extracted from iron oxide using carbon.

The word equation for the reaction is:

iron oxide + carbon → iron + carbon dioxide

Explain why this reaction is both oxidation and reduction.

Give one reason why some metals cannot be extracted from their oxides using carbon.

Aluminium is manufactured by the electrolysis of a molten mixture of aluminium oxide and cryolite.

Explain why cryolite is used.

Aluminium is produced at the negative electrode.

Complete the half equation for the reaction.

You should balance the equation.

Al³⁺ + ____________ → ____________

This question is about chemical quantities.

0.40 dm³ of a solution contains 48.4 g of solute.

Calculate the concentration of the solution.

Give the unit.

Calculate the number of carbon dioxide molecules in 3.00 moles of carbon dioxide.

The Avogadro constant = 6.02 × 10²³ per mole.

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Metal M forms a metal oxide with the formula M₂O₃

The relative formula mass of the metal oxide is 152.

Determine the identity of metal M.

Relative atomic mass (A_r): O = 16

This question is about the periodic table.

The halogens are in Group 7 of the periodic table.

Explain the trend in reactivity going down Group 7.

Explain how the electronic structure of calcium relates to calcium reacting as a metal.

Rubidium has an atomic number of 37.

Complete the equation for the reaction of rubidium with water.

You should balance the equation.

Use the periodic table.

______ Rb + ______ H₂O → ______________ + ______________

A normal bicycle can be converted into an electric bicycle.

Figure 9 shows a converted bicycle.

Figure 10 shows the circuit diagram for the bicycle.

The circuit symbol for a motor is: M

The switch is used to turn the motor on or off.

Explain how the variable resistor is used to control the speed of the motor.

The battery can be recharged using the mains electricity supply.

The mains supply is alternating current.

Figure 11 shows a simplified version of the circuit that is used to recharge the battery.

Explain why charge only passes in one direction through the circuit.

The mains supply fully recharged the battery in 2 hours.

The mean charging current was 5.0 A.

The resistance of the battery was 0.18 Ω.

Calculate the energy dissipated due to the resistance of the battery in 2 hours.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.