AQA GCSE Synergy Paper 2: Life and environmental sciences Higher June 2022 question paper 8465/2H

The human circulatory system transports blood around the body.

The human circulatory system is made of different structures.

Give the structures in order of size from the largest to the smallest.

Choose answers from the box.

The first one has been completed for you.

Figure 1 shows a heart.

The heart pumps blood from the body to the lungs.

Which route does blood travel through the heart?

Tick (✓) one box.

aorta → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary artery

aorta → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

vena cava → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary artery

vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle.

What is the function of structure X shown in Figure 1 ?

The heart contains a group of cells called the pacemaker.

Which part of the heart contains the pacemaker?

Tick (✓) one box.

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Right atrium

Right ventricle

What is the function of the pacemaker?

A person started an exercise training programme to improve their health.

Table 1 shows information about the person’s heart.

Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat.

Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute.

After the training programme the person’s heart rate had decreased.

Explain the effect the training programme had on the person’s cardiac output.

Use Table 1.

Explain how diet and lifestyle can increase the risk of poor health and non-communicable diseases.

Some plants have leaves with white areas and green areas.

A student tested a leaf with white areas and green areas for starch.

This is the method used.

1. Boil the leaf in ethanol.

2. Rinse the leaf in water.

3. Add iodine solution to the leaf.

4. Record the colour of each area of the leaf.

Figure 2 shows the results.

The student boiled the leaf in ethanol to remove the green colour from the leaf.

Why does the green colour need to be removed from the leaf before the leaf is tested for starch?

Explain how the results in Figure 2 provide evidence that the white area of the leaf did not contain chlorophyll.

The student investigated the coloured pigments in the leaf.

Figure 3 shows the apparatus.

Chromatography involves a mobile phase and a stationary phase.

Draw one line from each phase to the identity of that phase in the investigation.

The student drew the start line in pencil.

Why did the student not draw the start line in ink?

Table 2 shows the results.

Calculate X in Table 2.

Use the equation:

The distance moved by the solvent was 121 mm.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Table 3 shows the range of R_f values for known leaf pigments.

The student used Table 3 to identify the leaf pigments in their investigation.

Which colour is the leaf pigment phaeophytin?

Use Table 2 and Table 3.

Another student did the investigation using the same leaf pigments.

The R_f values for the same pigments were different.

What is the reason for the difference?

Tick (✓) one box.

A different solvent was used.

A greater volume of solvent was used.

The solvent moved further.

Waves transfer energy.

Radio waves are transmitted from a radio station and absorbed by a radio receiver.

What is created in the radio receiver when the radio waves are absorbed?

Tick (✓) one box.

An alpha particle

An alternating current

An ultraviolet wave

An X-ray

Radio waves may be refracted when they travel from one substance into another substance.

Which diagram shows the refraction of a radio wave?

Tick (✓) one box.

When the radio receiver is switched on, a sound wave is produced.

Give two differences between radio waves and sound waves.

Table 4 shows the speed of sound in different substances at two different temperatures.

Give three conclusions about the effect of temperature and the type of substance on the speed of sound waves.

A teacher used a ripple tank to show how varying the frequency affected the wavelength of water waves.

Figure 4 shows the apparatus.

This is the method used.

1. Turn on the lamp.

2. Adjust the power supply so that the wooden bar vibrates with a frequency of 10 Hz to produce waves on the water.

3. Take a photograph of the image of the waves projected onto the white card.

4. Measure the length of 5 waves from the photograph.

5. Calculate the wavelength of 1 wave.

6. Repeat steps 2 to 5 for different frequencies.

The method used by the teacher is better than measuring the length of only 1 wave directly from the white card.

Explain why.

A tumour is a group of abnormal cells that form a lump.

Give one factor that causes cells to form tumours.

Tumours can be benign or malignant.

Malignant tumours are cancers.

Give two ways a malignant tumour is different from a benign tumour.

Scientists tested a new drug to treat tumours in mice.

All the mice:

had the same type of tumour

were the same age

were female.

This is the method used.

1. Inject the mice with a dose of 0.015 mg of the drug every day for 20 days.

2. Measure the volume of the tumour every 4 days.

3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 with new groups of mice using doses of:

0.030 mg of the drug

0.060 mg of the drug.

Give two control variables the scientists should have used in the drug test.

Do not refer to the type of tumour, the age of the mice or the sex of the mice.

Some mice were used as a control group.

Suggest what treatment was given to the control group.

Give one reason why the scientists used a control group.

Figure 5 shows the results.

Calculate the percentage increase in the volume of the tumour in the control group between 0 and 20 days.

Give two conclusions about the effectiveness of the different doses of the drug.

Use Figure 5.

Suggest why the scientists measured the volume of the tumour instead of measuring the width of the tumour.

The scientists tested the drug in two stages: stage 1: drug tested on pieces of tumour tissue

stage 2: drug tested on mice with tumours.

What extra information will the scientists gain by testing the drug on mice at stage 2?

A student investigated the number of plants in two different fields.

This is the method used.

1. Place a quadrat randomly in field A.

2. Count the number of plants of each species in the quadrat. Do not count grasses.

3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 another 19 times.

4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 for field B.

Figure 6 shows the two fields.

Why should a random sampling method be used to sample the plants?

The student counted dandelion plants.

The student used a 0.5 m × 0.5 m quadrat.

The mean number of dandelion plants in field A in Figure 6 was 2.8 per quadrat.

Determine the total number of dandelion plants in field A.

The student placed insect traps in the ground in field A and in field B.

The insect traps were used to estimate the total number of insects in each field.

Figure 7 shows the position of the insect traps in each field.

Figure 8 shows the insect trap the student used.

This is the method used.

1. Place the insect traps in the fields as shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8.

2. Leave for 12 hours.

3. Count the number of insects of each species in each trap.

4. Repeat every 2 days for 6 days.

The method for estimating the total number of insects in field A and field B may not give valid results.

Suggest two reasons why.

Table 5 shows the results for all the plants and insects sampled.

A student concluded:

‘There is greater biodiversity in field B than in field A.’

Give the reason why.

There has been a decrease in the total number of birds in the UK since 1970.

Explain how planting more hedges would affect the number of birds.

Some mosquitos can transmit malaria.

Describe how a mosquito transmits malaria.

Scientists discovered a population of mosquitos living in the tunnels of the London Underground train system.

The mosquito ‘ C. pipiens ’ entered the tunnels when the London Underground was being built in the 1800s.

Some mosquitos were trapped in the tunnels.

Table 6 gives information about C. pipiens mosquitos.

Suggest one reason why the mosquitos living in the tunnels stay active all year round.

Some scientists believe that the mosquitos living in the tunnels have evolved into a new species.

Name the process that causes evolution.

Explain how the mosquitos living in the tunnels could have evolved into a different species from those living above ground.

Most female mosquitos feed on the blood of animals before laying their eggs.

Figure 9 shows the change in the body temperature of a female mosquito while feeding on blood.

Mosquitos control their internal body temperature by homeostasis.

The optimum internal body temperature of mosquitos is 22 °C.

Explain why mosquitos can only feed on blood for a short time.

Matter can exist in different states.

Table 7 shows the melting points and boiling points of four substances.

Give the temperature at which nitrogen condenses.

Nitrogen gas is transported in cylinders at high pressure.

Figure 10 shows a cylinder containing nitrogen gas.

What causes the pressure on the inside walls of the gas cylinder?

Carbon dioxide sublimates.

What happens when carbon dioxide sublimates?

Use Table 7.

Solid carbon dioxide is used during the transport of frozen food.

Using solid carbon dioxide keeps the food cold for longer than using frozen water.

Suggest one other advantage of using solid carbon dioxide instead of using frozen water during the transport of frozen food.

The planet Saturn has a moon called Titan.

The surface temperature of Titan is −179.6 °C.

Features similar to rivers have been seen on Titan.

Which substance in Table 7 could be the liquid in the rivers on Titan?

Figure 11 shows a simple model which can be used to describe changes of state.

Give two limitations of using this model to describe changes of state.

Some water at 15 °C is heated until it all turns to steam at 100 °C.

The total energy supplied to the water is 1 320 000 J.

mass of water = 500 g specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg °C

Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

Plants have different tissues that are adapted for special functions.

One plant tissue is meristem tissue.

Meristem tissue:

is made of meristem stem cells

is found in the growing areas of a plant

contains the cells that divide as a plant grows.

Figure 12 shows how specialised leaf cells are produced from meristem cells.

Meristem cells divide and then form specialised cells.

Cells become specialised during process X.

Name process X.

Describe two changes that can happen in a plant because meristem cells divide.

Scientists used a microscope to investigate cell division in a plant shoot.

Figure 13 shows the plant shoot.

The percentage of cells dividing by mitosis was estimated.

This is the method used.

1. Take a tissue sample from section A of the plant shoot and view 100 cells.

2. Count how many of the 100 cells are dividing by mitosis.

3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for sections B, C and D of the plant shoot.

Table 8 shows the results.

Explain the results in Table 8.

Phloem tissue and xylem tissue are part of a plant’s transport system.

What is the name of the process that transports dissolved sugars around a plant?

Figure 14 shows a section of phloem tissue in a leaf.

Describe two ways the structure of phloem cells is different from the structure of xylem cells.

Dissolved sugar moves from the leaf cell into the phloem cell.

In Figure 14:

the concentration of sugar in the leaf cell is 4 mg per dm³

the concentration of sugar in the phloem cell is 118 mg per dm³.

The companion cell is needed to move sugar from the leaf cell into the phloem cell.

Explain why.