AQA GCSE Synergy Paper 2: Life and environmental sciences Foundation June 2022 question paper 8465/2F

Hormones are released by glands.

Which organ system produces hormones?

Tick (✓) one box.

Circulatory system

Digestive system

Endocrine system

How are hormones transported around the body?

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Through the bloodstream

Through the muscles

Through the nerves

Figure 1 shows some of the organs in the human body.

Which organ is the pituitary gland?

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A B C D

Which organ produces oestrogen?

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A B C D

Homeostasis is the control of the body’s internal conditions.

Which internal body condition is controlled by homeostasis?

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Body temperature

Muscle contraction

Nerve impulses

Homeostasis also controls blood glucose concentration.

Figure 2 shows the change in blood glucose concentration in a person during 180 minutes.

When did the person start eating a meal?

Use Figure 2.

Tick (✓) one box.

P Q R

When blood glucose concentration is high the hormone insulin is released into the blood.

When will the concentration of insulin in the blood be the greatest?

Use Figure 2.

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P Q R

What might have caused the fall in blood glucose concentration at 150 minutes?

Different substances change state at different temperatures.

Table 1 shows the melting points and boiling points of three substances.

What is the state of sodium at 90 °C?

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Gas

Liquid

Solid

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

Sodium chloride is a liquid at ___________________ °C.

A student investigated the boiling point of different concentrations of sodium chloride solutions.

Figure 3 shows the apparatus.

This is the method used.

1. Add 100 cm³ of water to a beaker.

2. Add 10 g of sodium chloride to the water.

3. Heat the beaker until the solution boils.

4. Record the boiling point of the solution.

5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 with different masses of sodium chloride.

Figure 4 shows the results.

Determine the difference between the boiling point of the solution using:

and

Use Figure 4.

Boiling point using 15 g of sodium chloride ________________ °C

Boiling point using 30 g of sodium chloride ________________ °C

Describe the pattern of the results in Figure 4.

Include data from Figure 4 in your answer.

The student heated water at its boiling point until all the liquid water changed to water vapour.

mass of water = 0.20 kg specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2 260 000 J/kg

Calculate the energy required to change the liquid water into water vapour.

Use the equation:

energy for the change of state = mass × specific latent heat of vaporisation

Choose the unit from the box.

Boiling water can be used to cook food.

Food can be cooked in a pressure cooker.

Figure 5 shows a pressure cooker.

What will happen to the water particles as the temperature of the water increases?

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The kinetic energy of the particles will decrease.

The particles will hit each other less often.

The particles will move faster.

The pressure inside the pressure cooker changes during heating.

Table 2 shows the boiling point of the water in the pressure cooker at different pressures.

What happens to the boiling point of the water as the pressure in the pressure cooker increases?

Use Table 2.

Figure 6 shows a saucepan.

The boiling point of water in a saucepan is 100 °C.

Explain one advantage of using a pressure cooker instead of a saucepan to cook food.

Plants use root hairs to take in water and minerals from the soil.

Figure 7 shows a root hair cell.

Explain the advantage to a plant of having root hairs.

Use Figure 7.

Explain why root hair cells do not have chloroplasts.

Plants need minerals for healthy growth.

Minerals in the soil are an abiotic factor that affects plant growth.

What is one other abiotic factor that affects plant growth?

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Fungal disease

Predators

Water

Soil contains magnesium ions.

Which substance in plants contains magnesium?

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Chlorophyll

Glucose

Starch

Fertilisers contain minerals.

Fertilisers can be added to the soil.

Table 3 gives information about two different fertilisers.

Both fertilisers can be used on the same plants and contain the same minerals.

Evaluate which fertiliser would be best for a gardener to buy and to use.

Use Table 3.

A student used a ripple tank to investigate water waves.

What type of wave is a water wave?

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A sound wave

A transverse wave

An electromagnetic wave

Figure 8 shows the ripple tank.

Describe how the water waves are produced in the ripple tank.

The student counted the number of waves reaching the end of the tank.

What other measurement is needed to calculate the frequency of the waves?

Figure 9 shows three different wave patterns produced on the white card.

Which pattern in Figure 9 shows the waves with the greatest frequency?

Give a reason for your answer.

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A B C

Another student investigated how the depth of water in a tray affected the speed of water waves.

Figure 10 shows the apparatus.

This is the method used.

1. Pour water at room temperature into a tray to a depth of 5 mm.

2. Lift one end of the tray 5 cm and then let it go.

3. Measure the time taken for the water wave to move across the tray.

4. Calculate the speed of the water wave.

5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 with different depths of water.

Give one control variable in the student’s investigation.

The student calculated the speed of the waves at each depth.

Figure 11 shows the results.

Draw a line of best fit on Figure 11.

What is the speed of the water wave when the depth of the water is 20 mm?

Use Figure 11.

Speed of water wave = __________________ metres per second

A student investigated the number of plants in two fields.

Figure 12 shows the fields.

This is the method used.

1. Place a quadrat randomly in field A.

2. Count the number of plants in the quadrat. Do not count grasses.

3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 another five times.

4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 in field B.

The student used a quadrat to count the number of plants.

What is a quadrat?

Tick (✓) one box.

An identification chart

A square frame

A tape measure

Table 4 shows the results.

Calculate mean value X in Table 4.

The area of the quadrat used was 1 m².

Field B was 100 m long and 90 m wide.

Calculate the total number of plants in field B.

You should calculate:

the total number of plants.

Use the data in Table 4.

The mean number of plants in field A is greater than in field B.

Suggest one reason why.

A student did a different investigation in field A.

Figure 13 shows the areas sampled.

The student sampled:

an area at the edge of the field next to the hedge, P

an area at the edge of the field with no hedge, Q.

Table 5 shows the results.

Give three conclusions from the results in Table 5.

Suggest one way to increase biodiversity in field A.

Stem cells are found in human embryos and in meristem tissue.

Which organisms is meristem tissue found in?

Tick (✓) one box.

Animals

Bacteria

Plants

New cells are produced during the formation of an embryo.

Figure 14 shows how a human baby is formed.

Some people believe using embryonic stem cells in medical research is unethical.

Give one reason why.

Bone cells divide to repair damage.

Give one other reason why bone cells divide.

Scientists tested a new drug to treat tumours in mice.

All the mice had the same type of tumour.

This is the method used.

1. Inject six mice with the drug once a day for 24 days.

2. Measure the volume of the tumour every 4 days.

3. Repeat steps 1 and 2, injecting a new group of mice with the drug twice a day.

Figure 15 shows the results.

Six other mice were given an injection that did not contain the drug.

Why did the scientists use mice that were not given the drug?

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As a clinical trial

As a control

As an anomaly

Describe how the drug injected once a day and the drug injected twice a day affected the volume of the tumour.

Use data from Figure 15.

The tawny owl is one species of bird.

The tawny owl can have grey feathers or brown feathers.

The colour of the feathers is determined by one gene.

The allele for brown feathers is dominant (B).

The allele for grey feathers is recessive (b).

What is the genotype of a tawny owl with grey feathers?

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BB Bb bb

Two tawny owls mate.

Complete Figure 16 to show the possible genotypes of the offspring.

Figure 16

What is the probability of the offspring having brown feathers?

Use Figure 16.

Tick (✓) one box.

25% 50% 75% 100%

Scientists investigated the effect of climate change on the number of tawny owls with grey feathers and with brown feathers.

The investigation took place between 1980 and 2020.

Figure 17 shows the results.

The number of tawny owls with brown feathers in the population has increased since 1980.

Give two other conclusions from the data in Figure 17.

Between 1980 and 2020 there was a decrease in the time the area was covered with snow.

The tawny owls with brown feathers are better camouflaged from their prey when there is no snow.

Explain how the increase in the number of tawny owls with brown feathers occurred through the process of natural selection.

The human circulatory system transports blood around the body.

The human circulatory system is made of different structures.

Give the structures in order of size from the largest to the smallest.

Choose answers from the box.

The first one has been completed for you.

Figure 18 shows a heart.

The heart pumps blood from the body to the lungs.

Which route does blood travel through the heart?

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aorta → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary artery

aorta → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

vena cava → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary artery

vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle.

What is the function of structure X shown in Figure 18 ?

The heart contains a group of cells called the pacemaker.

Which part of the heart contains the pacemaker?

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Left atrium

Left ventricle

Right atrium

Right ventricle

What is the function of the pacemaker?

A person started an exercise training programme to improve their health.

Table 6 shows information about the person’s heart.

Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat.

Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute.

After the training programme the person’s heart rate had decreased.

Explain the effect the training programme had on the person’s cardiac output.

Use Table 6.

Explain how diet and lifestyle can increase the risk of poor health and non-communicable diseases.

Some plants have leaves with white areas and green areas.

A student tested a leaf with white areas and green areas for starch.

This is the method used.

1. Boil the leaf in ethanol.

2. Rinse the leaf in water.

3. Add iodine solution to the leaf.

4. Record the colour of each area of the leaf.

Figure 19 shows the results.

The student boiled the leaf in ethanol to remove the green colour from the leaf.

Why does the green colour need to be removed from the leaf before the leaf is tested for starch?

Explain how the results in Figure 19 provide evidence that the white area of the leaf did not contain chlorophyll.

The student investigated the coloured pigments in the leaf.

Figure 20 shows the apparatus.

Chromatography involves a mobile phase and a stationary phase.

Draw one line from each phase to the identity of that phase in the investigation.

The student drew the start line in pencil.

Why did the student not draw the start line in ink?

Table 7 shows the results.

Calculate X in Table 7.

Use the equation:

The distance moved by the solvent was 121 mm.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Table 8 shows the range of R_f values for known leaf pigments.

The student used Table 8 to identify the leaf pigments in their investigation.

Which colour is the leaf pigment phaeophytin?

Use Table 7 and Table 8.

Another student did the investigation using the same leaf pigments.

The R_f values for the same pigments were different.

What is the reason for the difference?

Tick (✓) one box.

A different solvent was used.

A greater volume of solvent was used.

The solvent moved further.