Transpiration

Figure 7 shows an oak tree.

The binomial name of the oak tree is Quercus robur.

What is the genus name of the oak tree?

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Oak

Quercus

Robur

Other species of tree are in the same genus as Quercus robur.

What does it mean if two species of tree are in the same genus?

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The two species are always found in the same place.

The two species are closely related to each other.

The two species look exactly the same.

Oak trees grow at points where cells can divide.

Growth in oak trees happens at the tips of the branches.

Name the type of tissue at the tips of the branches.

Oak trees reproduce by sexual reproduction to produce seeds.

An acorn is a nut that contains a seed.

The seed may become a new oak tree.

Which process produces the cell that grows into the seed?

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Evolution

Fertilisation

Translocation

One type of insect lays eggs in acorns.

The insect eggs cause the acorn to grow abnormally.

The abnormal growth is called a gall.

Insect embryos grow inside the gall.

Figure 8 shows a normal acorn and an acorn that has grown a gall.

The gall is made from oak tree cells that have divided.

The cells of the gall contain two sets of chromosomes.

Which process produces the cells of the gall?

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Circulation

Digestion

Mitosis

The insects have changed over time and caused a gall to grow on acorns.

The gall increases the chance of survival of the insects inside the gall.

What name is given to the process of the insects changing over time?

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Clone production

Evolution

Inbreeding

The oak tree transports water and nutrients to the insect embryos inside the gall.

Water moves from the roots to the leaves.

Name the process that moves water from the roots to the leaves.

This question is about plant tissues.

Plant meristem tissue is found in the growing tips of shoots and roots.

Name two processes in plants that only occur in meristem tissue.

An acorn is a nut that contains the seed of an oak tree.

When one type of insect lays an egg in an acorn, the acorn grows abnormally.

The abnormal growth is called a gall.

An insect embryo grows inside the gall.

Figure 8 shows a normal acorn and an acorn that has grown a gall.

The seed in an acorn forms from one original cell with two sets of oak tree chromosomes.

The original cell in each seed was produced by sexual reproduction.

The gall has cells that contain two sets of oak tree chromosomes.

Compare the process that produced the original cell in each seed with the process that produced cells in the gall.

The insect embryo inside the acorn:

causes the growth of the gall

uses nutrients from the gall to grow

causes lignin to form around the outside of the gall.

The lignin around the gall protects the acorn from being eaten by herbivores.

Which other structure in the oak tree contains lignin?

Tick (✓) one box.

Phloem

Root hair cells

Xylem

Many years ago, a mutation of an insect embryo led to the embryo causing lignin production in an acorn.

Explain how the mutation could have produced a population of insects that all cause lignin production.

This question is about plants.

Meristem is a specialised tissue found at the tips of shoots and roots.

What is the function of meristem tissue?

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Cell division

Fertilisation

Transpiration

Xylem tissue and phloem tissue are found in plants.

Cells in phloem tissue contain sugars.

Table 1 shows some features of xylem tissue and phloem tissue.

Complete Table 1.

Put one tick (✓) in each row to show if the feature is true for:

both xylem and phloem.

Stomata are tiny holes in the surface of leaves.

Guard cells surround the stomata.

Figure 2 shows the shape of guard cells around stomata at different times of the day.

Figure 2

Guard cells control water loss from the leaf.

Explain what happens to the guard cells to increase water loss from the leaf.

Use Figure 2.

Xylem tissue and phloem tissue are found in plants.

Compare the structure and function of xylem tissue and phloem tissue.

Plants use root hairs to take in water and minerals from the soil.

Figure 7 shows a root hair cell.

Explain the advantage to a plant of having root hairs.

Use Figure 7.

Explain why root hair cells do not have chloroplasts.

Plants need minerals for healthy growth.

Minerals in the soil are an abiotic factor that affects plant growth.

What is one other abiotic factor that affects plant growth?

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Fungal disease

Predators

Water

Soil contains magnesium ions.

Which substance in plants contains magnesium?

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Chlorophyll

Glucose

Starch

Fertilisers contain minerals.

Fertilisers can be added to the soil.

Table 3 gives information about two different fertilisers.

Both fertilisers can be used on the same plants and contain the same minerals.

Evaluate which fertiliser would be best for a gardener to buy and to use.

Use Table 3.

Plants have different tissues that are adapted for special functions.

One plant tissue is meristem tissue.

Meristem tissue:

is made of meristem stem cells

is found in the growing areas of a plant

contains the cells that divide as a plant grows.

Figure 12 shows how specialised leaf cells are produced from meristem cells.

Meristem cells divide and then form specialised cells.

Cells become specialised during process X.

Name process X.

Describe two changes that can happen in a plant because meristem cells divide.

Scientists used a microscope to investigate cell division in a plant shoot.

Figure 13 shows the plant shoot.

The percentage of cells dividing by mitosis was estimated.

This is the method used.

1. Take a tissue sample from section A of the plant shoot and view 100 cells.

2. Count how many of the 100 cells are dividing by mitosis.

3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for sections B, C and D of the plant shoot.

Table 8 shows the results.

Explain the results in Table 8.

Phloem tissue and xylem tissue are part of a plant’s transport system.

What is the name of the process that transports dissolved sugars around a plant?

Figure 14 shows a section of phloem tissue in a leaf.

Describe two ways the structure of phloem cells is different from the structure of xylem cells.

Dissolved sugar moves from the leaf cell into the phloem cell.

In Figure 14:

the concentration of sugar in the leaf cell is 4 mg per dm³

the concentration of sugar in the phloem cell is 118 mg per dm³.

The companion cell is needed to move sugar from the leaf cell into the phloem cell.

Explain why.

Sugars and water are transported in plants.

Name the tissue that water is transported in from the roots to the leaves.

Students investigated the rate of water uptake by a plant shoot.

Figure 7 shows the equipment used.

The air bubble moves when the plant shoot loses water by transpiration.

The movement of the air bubble shows the rate of water uptake by the plant shoot.

Why is the tap needed below the reservoir?

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To keep air out of the glass tube

To move the air bubble to zero

To stop water reaching the plant shoot

Students used the equipment in Figure 7 to investigate the effect of temperature on water uptake by the plant shoot.

Draw one line from each variable to the type of variable it is.

Figure 8 shows the results.

Explain the effect of temperature on the rate of water uptake by the plant shoot.

Use Figure 8.

The investigation was repeated with a fan to move the air around the plant shoot.

Predict how an increase in air movement would cause the results to be different.

In one test, the water in the tube moved 3 mm in one minute.

The radius of the tube was 0.5 mm.

The volume of water taken up can be calculated using the equation:

volume = π × r² × h

where: π = 3.14 r is the radius h is the distance moved by the water

Calculate the volume of water taken up in one minute.

Plant leaves contain chlorophyll.

Nitrate ions are needed to produce chlorophyll.

Name one other mineral ion needed to produce chlorophyll.

Do not refer to nitrate in your answer.

Some mineral ions are in a lower concentration in the soil compared with inside plant root hair cells.

Name the process that moves mineral ions from a lower concentration in the soil into plant root hair cells.

Explain how mineral ions move from root hair cells to the leaves.

Which two factors increase the rate of movement of mineral ions through the plant?

Tick (✓) two boxes.