The menstrual cycle

The endocrine system produces hormones.

The pituitary gland is part of the endocrine system.

Where is the pituitary gland?

Tick (✓) one box.

In the head

In the heart

In the liver

Oestrogen is a hormone.

Which organ in the female reproductive system produces oestrogen?

Tick (✓) one box.

Kidney

Ovary

Stomach

Some chemicals in the environment affect the body in a similar way to hormones.

A scientist investigated the effect of feeding chemical X to rats.

Table 1 shows the results.

The scientist calculated the mean thickness of the uterus lining.

First, the scientist added together the measurements for all the rats in a group.

For the control group, the total was 4500 micrometres.

Calculate how many rats were in the control group.

Use Table 1.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

The mean thickness of the uterus lining in the two groups in Table 1 was compared.

In rats fed chemical X, the mean thickness of the uterus lining

Some food packaging contains chemical Y.

Chemical Y decreases antibody production in humans.

Food packaging in landfill can release chemical Y into streams, rivers and lakes.

Which are two reasons why food packaging containing chemical Y is a problem?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Chemical Y could become a fossil fuel.

Chemical Y could contaminate drinking water.

Chemical Y could get into food.

Chemical Y does not dissolve in water.

Chemical Y will be broken down quickly.

Which risk increases when a person produces fewer antibodies?

Tick (✓) one box.

Developing Type 1 diabetes

Getting lung cancer due to mutations

Not being able to recover from infections

If a pathogen enters the body, white blood cells can engulf and digest the pathogen.

What is the name of the process where white blood cells engulf and digest a pathogen?

The pathogen is digested by white blood cells.

Which of the following digests large molecules into smaller molecules?

Tick (✓) one box.

Carbohydrates

Enzymes

Lipids

Hormones affect the human body in many ways.

Figure 4 shows how the concentration of four female sex hormones changes during the menstrual cycle.

Explain how hormones X, Y and Z can be identified from Figure 4.

You should include the name of each hormone.

Endocrine disruptors are chemicals in the environment that affect the body in similar ways to hormones.

Chemical A is an endocrine disruptor.

Scientists investigated the effect of feeding chemical A to rats.

Table 4 shows the results.

Calculate the percentage increase in the mean thickness of uterus lining.

White blood cells produce antibodies.

Some endocrine disruptors decrease antibody production.

The human body should still produce antibodies many years after a vaccination.

Give one reason why it is important that the human body produces antibodies many years after a vaccination.

How do white blood cells reduce the symptoms of infectious diseases?

Tick (✓) one box.

By causing blood clotting

By decreasing phagocytosis

By destroying antiretroviral drugs

By producing antitoxins

Figure 9 shows a human egg cell viewed using a light microscope.

In Figure 9, the diameter of the image of the egg is 38 mm.

The magnification of Figure 9 is × 400

Calculate the real diameter of the egg cell in micrometres.

Use the equation:

1 millimetre = 1000 micrometres

Real diameter of egg cell = _____________________ micrometres

Draw a simple diagram of the egg cell shown in Figure 9.

On your drawing:

$l~bel two parts of the egg cell that are visible in Figure 9

$do not include other cells.

Some parts of a human egg cell are not visible in Figure 9.

Name one part of a human egg cell that is only visible using an electron microscope.

Name the process of cell division that produces egg cells.

How many chromosomes are in a human egg cell?

Describe how a chromosome in a sperm cell determines whether the offspring that forms is male or female.

Which hormone stimulates the release of an egg?

Tick () one box.

FSH

LH

Oestrogen

Oral contraceptive pills contain hormones that prevent the release of an egg.

Scientists studied the effectiveness of different types of contraception with perfect use and with use in real life.

‘Perfect use’ means following all the instructions.

‘Use in real life’ is what actually happens in the population. The instructions may not always be followed in real life.

Figure 10 shows the results.

Evaluate the effectiveness of the three types of contraception shown in Figure 10.

Use data from Figure 10.

Figure 1 shows a human egg cell viewed using a light microscope.

In Figure 1, the diameter of the image of the egg is 38 mm.

The magnification of Figure 1 is × 400

Calculate the real diameter of the egg cell in micrometres.

Use the equation:

1 millimetre = 1000 micrometres

Real diameter of egg cell = _____________________ micrometres

Draw a simple diagram of the egg cell shown in Figure 1.

On your drawing:

$l~bel two parts of the egg cell that are visible in Figure 1

$do not include other cells.

Some parts of a human egg cell are not visible in Figure 1.

Name one part of a human egg cell that is only visible using an electron microscope.

Name the process of cell division that produces egg cells.

How many chromosomes are in a human egg cell?

Describe how a chromosome in a sperm cell determines whether the offspring that forms is male or female.

Which hormone stimulates the release of an egg?

Tick () one box.

FSH

LH

Oestrogen

Oral contraceptive pills contain hormones that prevent the release of an egg.

Scientists studied the effectiveness of different types of contraception with perfect use and with use in real life.

‘Perfect use’ means following all the instructions.

‘Use in real life’ is what actually happens in the population. The instructions may not always be followed in real life.

Figure 2 shows the results.

Evaluate the effectiveness of the three types of contraception shown in Figure 2.

Use data from Figure 2.

This question is about health.

Some pathogens cause food poisoning.

Explain how the stomach is adapted to prevent food poisoning.

Different types of disease may interact.

Suggest one type of disease that may be triggered by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV).

Chlamydia, HIV and HPV are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Chlamydia is caused by the same type of microorganism as gonorrhoea.

Suggest how chlamydia infections are treated.

One symptom of chlamydia infection is damage of the uterus lining.

Which two hormones are involved in maintaining the uterus lining?

Students were asked to estimate the percentage risk of a person becoming infected with different STDs.

` The estimate was compared to the actual percentage risk of infection.

Figure 8 shows the results.

Figure 8

Why is the data in Figure 8 plotted as a bar chart and not as a line graph?

The difference between the estimated risk and the actual risk is not the same for each STD.

Suggest two reasons why.

Explain how only some types of contraception reduce the spread of STDs.

Explain why patients with late-stage HIV infection or AIDS are likely to become very ill from other infections.

Hormones are released by glands.

Which organ system produces hormones?

Tick (✓) one box.

Circulatory system

Digestive system

Endocrine system

How are hormones transported around the body?

Tick (✓) one box.

Through the bloodstream

Through the muscles

Through the nerves

Figure 1 shows some of the organs in the human body.

Which organ is the pituitary gland?

Tick (✓) one box.

A B C D

Which organ produces oestrogen?

Tick (✓) one box.

A B C D

Homeostasis is the control of the body’s internal conditions.

Which internal body condition is controlled by homeostasis?

Tick (✓) one box.

Body temperature

Muscle contraction

Nerve impulses

Homeostasis also controls blood glucose concentration.

Figure 2 shows the change in blood glucose concentration in a person during 180 minutes.

When did the person start eating a meal?

Use Figure 2.

Tick (✓) one box.

P Q R

When blood glucose concentration is high the hormone insulin is released into the blood.

When will the concentration of insulin in the blood be the greatest?

Use Figure 2.

Tick (✓) one box.

P Q R

What might have caused the fall in blood glucose concentration at 150 minutes?

This question is about hormones.

Draw one line from each hormone to the function of that hormone.

In one menstrual cycle, an egg is released on day 13.

Which chemical causes the egg to be released?

Tick (✓) one box.

Cholesterol

Insulin

Lipase

Luteinising hormone

Hormones are used in some methods of contraception.

Which two types of contraception use hormones?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Condom

Diaphragm

Oral contraceptive pill

Skin patch

Surgical sterilisation

Figure 5 shows how a baby is formed.

Use Figure 5 to answer questions 04.4 to 04.6.

Name the process happening at A.

The sperm and egg were formed by meiosis.

Meiosis is a type of cell division.

Name the type of cell division happening at B.

At C the cells are stem cells.

Explain how the stem cells become cells that can carry nervous impulses.

This question is about hormones and reproduction.

Hormones are used in some methods of contraception.

Give two types of contraception that use hormones.

Figure 6 shows some of the hormones involved in the menstrual cycle.

Which hormone peaks on day 13?

Use Figure 6.

Tick (✓) one box.

Follicle stimulating hormone

Luteinising hormone

Oestrogen

Progesterone

What is the function of hormone Q ?

Use Figure 6.

Tick (✓) one box.

Causes an egg to mature

Maintains the uterus lining

Stimulates release of the egg

The number of twins born increased from the year 1980 to the year 2013.

Approximately two-thirds of twins born in the UK are not identical twins.

Suggest how non-identical twins are formed.

Explain how one type of treatment for infertility could have caused the increase in the number of twins born between 1980 and 2013.

Endocrine glands produce hormones.

Which hormone stimulates basal metabolic rate?

Figure 10 shows how concentrations of sex hormones in the blood vary during a 28-day menstrual cycle.

Which hormone does X represent?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which hormone does Z represent?

Tick (✓) one box.

Describe two effects of oestrogen between day 10 and day 12 of the menstrual cycle.

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a fertility treatment.

Hormones are used in IVF treatment.

Explain how different hormones are used to help a woman become pregnant.

Table 6 shows information about IVF success rates.

A 35-year-old woman with fertility problems wants a child.

Suggest why she should start IVF treatment as soon as possible.

You must include data from Table 6 in your answer.