Hormones & the endocrine system

The endocrine system produces hormones.

The pituitary gland is part of the endocrine system.

Where is the pituitary gland?

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In the head

In the heart

In the liver

Oestrogen is a hormone.

Which organ in the female reproductive system produces oestrogen?

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Kidney

Ovary

Stomach

Some chemicals in the environment affect the body in a similar way to hormones.

A scientist investigated the effect of feeding chemical X to rats.

Table 1 shows the results.

The scientist calculated the mean thickness of the uterus lining.

First, the scientist added together the measurements for all the rats in a group.

For the control group, the total was 4500 micrometres.

Calculate how many rats were in the control group.

Use Table 1.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

The mean thickness of the uterus lining in the two groups in Table 1 was compared.

In rats fed chemical X, the mean thickness of the uterus lining

Some food packaging contains chemical Y.

Chemical Y decreases antibody production in humans.

Food packaging in landfill can release chemical Y into streams, rivers and lakes.

Which are two reasons why food packaging containing chemical Y is a problem?

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Chemical Y could become a fossil fuel.

Chemical Y could contaminate drinking water.

Chemical Y could get into food.

Chemical Y does not dissolve in water.

Chemical Y will be broken down quickly.

Which risk increases when a person produces fewer antibodies?

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Developing Type 1 diabetes

Getting lung cancer due to mutations

Not being able to recover from infections

If a pathogen enters the body, white blood cells can engulf and digest the pathogen.

What is the name of the process where white blood cells engulf and digest a pathogen?

The pathogen is digested by white blood cells.

Which of the following digests large molecules into smaller molecules?

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Carbohydrates

Enzymes

Lipids

Hormones are released by glands.

Which organ system produces hormones?

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Circulatory system

Digestive system

Endocrine system

How are hormones transported around the body?

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Through the bloodstream

Through the muscles

Through the nerves

Figure 1 shows some of the organs in the human body.

Which organ is the pituitary gland?

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A B C D

Which organ produces oestrogen?

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A B C D

Homeostasis is the control of the body’s internal conditions.

Which internal body condition is controlled by homeostasis?

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Body temperature

Muscle contraction

Nerve impulses

Homeostasis also controls blood glucose concentration.

Figure 2 shows the change in blood glucose concentration in a person during 180 minutes.

When did the person start eating a meal?

Use Figure 2.

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P Q R

When blood glucose concentration is high the hormone insulin is released into the blood.

Enlarge

When will the concentration of insulin in the blood be the greatest?

Use Figure 2.

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P Q R

What might have caused the fall in blood glucose concentration at 150 minutes?

This question is about hormones.

Draw one line from each hormone to the function of that hormone.

In one menstrual cycle, an egg is released on day 13.

Which chemical causes the egg to be released?

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Cholesterol

Insulin

Lipase

Luteinising hormone

Hormones are used in some methods of contraception.

Which two types of contraception use hormones?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Condom

Diaphragm

Oral contraceptive pill

Skin patch

Surgical sterilisation

Figure 5 shows how a baby is formed.

Use Figure 5 to answer questions 04.4 to 04.6.

Name the process happening at A.

The sperm and egg were formed by meiosis.

Meiosis is a type of cell division.

Name the type of cell division happening at B.

At C the cells are stem cells.

Explain how the stem cells become cells that can carry nervous impulses.

The endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.

Figure 10 shows some endocrine glands and some target organs.

Which structure is the pituitary gland?

Tick (✓) one box.

W X Y Z

Which is the main target organ of the hormone insulin?

Tick (✓) one box.

Kidney Liver Pancreas

The endocrine system sends hormones to target organs.

The nervous system sends impulses to target organs.

How does the speed of movement of hormones compare with the speed of transmission of impulses?

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Hormones travel more slowly than impulses.

Hormones travel at the same speed as impulses.

Hormones travel more quickly than impulses.

The pituitary gland releases hormones, which results in widespread effects on the body.

Explain why the pituitary gland is sometimes called the ‘master gland’.

Figure 11 shows human blood viewed through a light microscope.

Name cell A and cell B.

The image of a cell has a diameter of 3.5 millimetres.

The magnification of the image is ×500.

Calculate the diameter of the real cell.

Give your answer in micrometres.

Use the equation:

1 millimetre = 1000 micrometres

Diameter of the real cell = __________________ micrometres

The endocrine system releases hormones into the blood.

Figure 1 shows some endocrine glands and some target organs.

Which structure is the pituitary gland?

Tick (✓) one box.

W X Y Z

Which is the main target organ of the hormone insulin?

Tick (✓) one box.

Kidney Liver Pancreas

The endocrine system sends hormones to target organs.

The nervous system sends impulses to target organs.

How does the speed of movement of hormones compare with the speed of transmission of impulses?

Tick (✓) one box.

Hormones travel more slowly than impulses.

Hormones travel at the same speed as impulses.

Hormones travel more quickly than impulses.

The pituitary gland releases hormones, which results in widespread effects on the body.

Explain why the pituitary gland is sometimes called the ‘master gland’.

Figure 2 shows human blood viewed through a light microscope.

Name cell A and cell B.

The image of a cell has a diameter of 3.5 millimetres.

The magnification of the image is ×500.

Calculate the diameter of the real cell.

Give your answer in micrometres.

Use the equation:

1 millimetre = 1000 micrometres

Diameter of the real cell = __________________ micrometres

Endocrine glands produce hormones.

Which hormone stimulates basal metabolic rate?

Figure 10 shows how concentrations of sex hormones in the blood vary during a 28-day menstrual cycle.

Which hormone does X represent?

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Which hormone does Z represent?

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Describe two effects of oestrogen between day 10 and day 12 of the menstrual cycle.

In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a fertility treatment.

Hormones are used in IVF treatment.

Explain how different hormones are used to help a woman become pregnant.

Table 6 shows information about IVF success rates.

A 35-year-old woman with fertility problems wants a child.

Suggest why she should start IVF treatment as soon as possible.

You must include data from Table 6 in your answer.