Health, lifestyle & risk factors

Two types of heart disease are: coronary heart disease (CHD)

cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Most types of heart disease are not caused by pathogens.

Name one other disease in humans that is not caused by a pathogen.

Do not refer to CHD or CVD in your answer.

Which are two factors that increase the risk of CHD?

Tick () two boxes.

A diet high in fruits and vegetables

Eating large amounts of fatty food

Going to the gym three times each week

Never smoking cigarettes

Sitting down for long periods every day

Which two treatments can be used to treat CHD?

Tick () two boxes.

A mechanical valve

A placebo tablet

A stent

Insulin

Statins

Stem cells can be used to treat patients who have CHD.

The stem cells divide and become specialised cells in the heart.

What is the name of the process of stem cells becoming specialised?

Tick () one box.

Active transport

Differentiation

Fertilisation

The human circulatory system transports blood around the body.

The human circulatory system is made of different structures.

Give the structures in order of size from the largest to the smallest.

Choose answers from the box.

The first one has been completed for you.

Figure 18 shows a heart.

The heart pumps blood from the body to the lungs.

Which route does blood travel through the heart?

Tick (✓) one box.

aorta → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary artery

aorta → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

vena cava → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary artery

vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle.

What is the function of structure X shown in Figure 18 ?

The heart contains a group of cells called the pacemaker.

Which part of the heart contains the pacemaker?

Tick (✓) one box.

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Right atrium

Right ventricle

What is the function of the pacemaker?

A person started an exercise training programme to improve their health.

Table 6 shows information about the person’s heart.

Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat.

Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute.

After the training programme the person’s heart rate had decreased.

Explain the effect the training programme had on the person’s cardiac output.

Use Table 6.

Explain how diet and lifestyle can increase the risk of poor health and non-communicable diseases.

The human circulatory system transports blood around the body.

The human circulatory system is made of different structures.

Give the structures in order of size from the largest to the smallest.

Choose answers from the box.

The first one has been completed for you.

Figure 1 shows a heart.

The heart pumps blood from the body to the lungs.

Which route does blood travel through the heart?

Tick (✓) one box.

aorta → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary artery

aorta → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

vena cava → left atrium → left ventricle → pulmonary artery

vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery

Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle.

What is the function of structure X shown in Figure 1 ?

The heart contains a group of cells called the pacemaker.

Which part of the heart contains the pacemaker?

Tick (✓) one box.

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Right atrium

Right ventricle

What is the function of the pacemaker?

A person started an exercise training programme to improve their health.

Table 1 shows information about the person’s heart.

Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each beat.

Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute.

After the training programme the person’s heart rate had decreased.

Explain the effect the training programme had on the person’s cardiac output.

Use Table 1.

Explain how diet and lifestyle can increase the risk of poor health and non-communicable diseases.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is caused when fatty material builds up in the coronary arteries.

Scientists investigated risk factors for CHD.

Figure 11 shows the percentage of CHD patients with each risk factor.

Which was the most common risk factor in CHD patients?

Use Figure 11.

What percentage of CHD patients had smoking as a risk factor?

Use Figure 11.

Give one other disease that smoking is a risk factor for.

Do not refer to CHD.

Suggest two lifestyle changes a person can make to reduce the risk of CHD.

Do not refer to smoking in your answer.

The coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with blood.

Figure 12 shows two coronary arteries.

A person with CHD has a risk of having a heart attack.

A heart attack will cause the heart muscle to stop contracting.

Explain how CHD can cause a heart attack.

Diabetes is a condition where the concentration of sugar in the blood can become too high.

Which chemical decreases the concentration of sugar in the blood?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which organ monitors and controls the concentration of sugar in the blood?

Tick (✓) one box.

A company produces two breakfast cereals.

In a 30 g serving:

cereal A contains 11 g of sugar

cereal B contains 25% less sugar than cereal A.

Calculate 25% of 11 g

Calculate the mass of sugar in a 30 g serving of cereal B.

Use your answer from Question 03.3.

Decreasing sugar in the diet can help prevent Type 2 diabetes.

Give one other health benefit of eating less sugar.

Taking regular exercise can improve health.

Table 2 shows how walking quickly or running may reduce the risk of developing different medical conditions.

The greater the percentage reduction in risk, the less chance there is of developing the medical condition.

Compare the effects of walking quickly with the effects of running on the medical conditions given in Table 2.

A scientist investigated the effect of exercise on reducing the risk of some medical conditions.

The investigation involved two groups of people.

One group walked quickly and the other group ran.

The people in the walking group exercised for more time than the people in the running group.

Each group transferred the same amount of energy.

Table 7 shows data from the investigation.

Name two factors that should be controlled.

Do not refer to amount of energy transferred, age or sex in your answer.

Blood pressure measures how hard the blood is forced against the walls of the arteries.

Regular exercise makes the heart muscle stronger.

A stronger heart can pump more blood with less effort so the forces on the walls of the arteries decrease.

Suggest why walking reduces the risk of high blood pressure more than running reduces the risk of high blood pressure.

Explain how a high concentration of cholesterol in the blood can cause coronary heart disease.

A student walked quickly for 15 minutes.

Figure 11 shows the effect walking quickly had on the student’s heart rate.

Determine the rate of increase in heart rate of the student at 8.5 minutes.

Use Figure 11.

Explain why heart rate needs to increase during exercise.