Immunisation

Hormones affect the human body in many ways.

Figure 4 shows how the concentration of four female sex hormones changes during the menstrual cycle.

Explain how hormones X, Y and Z can be identified from Figure 4.

You should include the name of each hormone.

Endocrine disruptors are chemicals in the environment that affect the body in similar ways to hormones.

Chemical A is an endocrine disruptor.

Scientists investigated the effect of feeding chemical A to rats.

Table 4 shows the results.

Calculate the percentage increase in the mean thickness of uterus lining.

White blood cells produce antibodies.

Some endocrine disruptors decrease antibody production.

The human body should still produce antibodies many years after a vaccination.

Give one reason why it is important that the human body produces antibodies many years after a vaccination.

How do white blood cells reduce the symptoms of infectious diseases?

Tick (✓) one box.

By causing blood clotting

By decreasing phagocytosis

By destroying antiretroviral drugs

By producing antitoxins

The symptoms of a measles infection include: a fever

a red skin rash.

Why do antibiotics not treat measles?

Tick (✓) one box.

Antibiotics cause the measles pathogen to release toxins.

Antibiotics do not kill viruses.

Antibiotics increase body temperature.

Cilia are small hair-like structures in the trachea and bronchi.

Describe how mucus and cilia defend against the entry of pathogens into the lungs.

How does stomach acid defend the body against pathogens?

People can be vaccinated against measles.

What does the measles vaccine contain?

Tick (✓) one box.

Hormones

Two types of blood cell

Weakened pathogen

Which part of the blood produces antibodies after receiving the measles vaccination?

Tick (✓) one box.

Platelets

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Figure 5 shows how the concentration of measles antibodies in the blood changes after vaccination.

Complete Figure 5 to show how the concentration of measles antibodies will change after the exposure to measles pathogens.

In one group of people: 25 people have been vaccinated against measles

5 people have not been vaccinated against measles.

What is the simplest ratio of people who have been vaccinated to people who have not been vaccinated?

Tick (✓) one box.

30: 1

25: 1

5: 1

Scientists recommend that over 95% of the population should be vaccinated against measles.

What is the advantage of a large percentage of the population being vaccinated against measles?

The symptoms of a measles infection are: a fever

a red skin rash.

Why can measles not be treated with antibiotics?

Describe two ways the human body defends against the entry of the measles pathogen into the lungs.

A person is given a measles vaccination by injection.

There is a small amount of bleeding from the wound.

What is the role of platelets after the person receives the injection?

Tick (✓) one box.

To begin phagocytosis

To cause the blood to clot

To release antitoxins

How do white blood cells respond to a vaccination against measles?

In the UK, most people have been vaccinated against measles.

In a sample population, the ratio of vaccinated people to unvaccinated people is 594 000: 99 000

Give 594 000: 99 000 as the simplest whole number ratio.

Simplest whole number ratio = __________: __________

Explain why it is important that the ratio of vaccinated people to unvaccinated people is high.

Some bacteria are pathogens.

What is meant by the term ‘pathogen’?

Bacterial infections can be treated using antibiotics.

Some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.

Table 4 shows the percentage of bacteria resistant to four antibiotics.

Which antibiotic had the greatest increase in bacteria that were resistant between 2004 and 2018?

Tick (✓) one box.

A B C D

One of the antibiotics in Table 4 is only used for serious infections in hospitals.

Suggest which antibiotic is only used for serious infections.

Give a reason for your answer.

Antibiotic A B C D

Many strains of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (SA) are resistant to the antibiotic methicillin.

Table 5 shows information on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in England.

Calculate value X in Table 5.

The number of people with MRSA infection in hospitals decreased between 2008 and 2018.

Suggest one reason for the decrease.

Scientists are trying to develop a vaccine for MRSA.

Explain how a vaccine for MRSA would make people immune to MRSA.

Some bacteria are pathogens.

What is meant by the term ‘pathogen’?

Bacterial infections can be treated using antibiotics.

Some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.

Table 1 shows the percentage of bacteria resistant to four antibiotics.

Which antibiotic had the greatest increase in bacteria that were resistant between 2004 and 2018?

Tick (✓) one box.

A B C D

One of the antibiotics in Table 1 is only used for serious infections in hospitals.

Suggest which antibiotic is only used for serious infections.

Give a reason for your answer.

Antibiotic A B C D

Many strains of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (SA) are resistant to the antibiotic methicillin.

Table 2 shows information on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in England.

Calculate value X in Table 2.

The number of people with MRSA infection in hospitals decreased between 2008 and 2018.

Suggest one reason for the decrease.

Scientists are trying to develop a vaccine for MRSA.

Explain how a vaccine for MRSA would make people immune to MRSA.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a species of bacteria that can cause food poisoning.

Which term describes E. coli cells?

Tick (✓) one box.

Antibiotics are used to treat many different bacterial infections.

The government wants scientists to research and develop a new ‘antibiotic test’ that:

• takes less than 30 minutes

• shows doctors if an antibiotic is needed for an infection

• shows doctors which antibiotic to use.

Suggest two reasons why research into antibiotics is needed.

The new test should mean that fewer people take antibiotics.

What are two effects of fewer people taking antibiotics?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

A vaccine against E. coli is being trialled.

Suggest what this vaccine contains to cause immunity to E. coli.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a species of bacteria that can cause food poisoning.

Which term describes E. coli cells?

Tick (✓) one box.

Some strains of E. coli are resistant to antibiotics.

Table 1 shows the number of infections caused by antibiotic resistant E. coli.

Calculate the percentage increase in the number of infections caused by antibiotic resistant E. coli between 2014 and 2018.

Use the equation:

Antibiotics are used to treat many different bacterial infections.

The government wants scientists to research and develop a new ‘antibiotic test’ that:

• takes less than 30 minutes

• shows doctors if an antibiotic is needed for an infection

• shows doctors which antibiotic to use.

Suggest two reasons why research into antibiotics is needed.

The new test should mean that fewer people take antibiotics.

What are two effects of fewer people taking antibiotics?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

A vaccine against E. coli is being trialled.

Suggest what this vaccine contains to cause immunity to E. coli.