Health and disease

One species of bacteria is resistant to most antibiotics. The bacteria can survive on hard surfaces and on human skin.

People become very ill if the bacteria enter the blood.

People who have wounds from surgery can become infected with the bacteria.

Suggest two ways of reducing the risk of infection with the bacteria.

A hospital had 1300 patients.

39 of the patients became infected with the bacteria.

Calculate the percentage of patients that became infected with the bacteria.

Having HIV makes a person more likely to become ill from infections.

Why is a person with HIV more likely to become ill if infected with the bacteria?

Tick () one box.

HIV can be treated with painkillers.

HIV damages the immune system.

HIV is spread by sexual contact.

A new antibiotic is being developed.

The new antibiotic is being tested in a drug trial.

Draw one line from each part of a drug trial to the reason for that part of the drug trial.

Two types of heart disease are: coronary heart disease (CHD)

cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Most types of heart disease are not caused by pathogens.

Name one other disease in humans that is not caused by a pathogen.

Do not refer to CHD or CVD in your answer.

Which are two factors that increase the risk of CHD?

Tick () two boxes.

A diet high in fruits and vegetables

Eating large amounts of fatty food

Going to the gym three times each week

Never smoking cigarettes

Sitting down for long periods every day

Which two treatments can be used to treat CHD?

Tick () two boxes.

A mechanical valve

A placebo tablet

A stent

Insulin

Statins

Stem cells can be used to treat patients who have CHD.

The stem cells divide and become specialised cells in the heart.

What is the name of the process of stem cells becoming specialised?

Tick () one box.

Active transport

Differentiation

Fertilisation

Funnel-web spiders produce poison to kill prey.

The poison enters the prey when the spider bites the prey.

The poison contains a protein.

What is a protein?

Tick (✓) one box.

A chain of glucose molecules

A long chain of amino acids

A small insoluble molecule

What reagent is used to test for protein?

The protein from the spider could be used in a new drug to treat patients having a heart attack.

When a person has a heart attack:

cells in the heart muscle do not receive enough oxygen

cells in the heart muscle stop working.

Why are heart attacks non-communicable?

The protein from the spider allows heart muscle tissues to function in low concentrations of oxygen.

Complete Table 4 to show the risks and benefits of the new drug.

Tick (✓) one box in each row.

The drug made from the protein would be tested in a drug trial.

Part of the drug trial would involve a placebo.

Explain why a placebo is used in a drug trial.

The results of drug trials are peer reviewed.

Which are two advantages of peer review?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

People who are not experts simplify the results during peer review.

Scientists not involved in the drug trial assess whether the results are valid.

Scientists who planned the drug trial decide whether the results are published.

The peer reviewers decide the dose for testing the drug on animals.

The process of peer review reduces the chance of bias.

This question is about health.

Some pathogens cause food poisoning.

Explain how the stomach is adapted to prevent food poisoning.

Different types of disease may interact.

Suggest one type of disease that may be triggered by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV).

Chlamydia, HIV and HPV are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Chlamydia is caused by the same type of microorganism as gonorrhoea.

Suggest how chlamydia infections are treated.

One symptom of chlamydia infection is damage of the uterus lining.

Which two hormones are involved in maintaining the uterus lining?

Students were asked to estimate the percentage risk of a person becoming infected with different STDs.

` The estimate was compared to the actual percentage risk of infection.

Figure 8 shows the results.

Figure 8

Why is the data in Figure 8 plotted as a bar chart and not as a line graph?

The difference between the estimated risk and the actual risk is not the same for each STD.

Suggest two reasons why.

Explain how only some types of contraception reduce the spread of STDs.

Explain why patients with late-stage HIV infection or AIDS are likely to become very ill from other infections.

On aeroplanes, pathogens can easily spread from one person to another person.

Suggest one way pathogens can spread from one person to another person on an aeroplane.

The manufacturer of a nose spray claims that:

‘The nose spray defends against diseases such as the common cold.’

The nose spray puts a thin layer of gel in the airways between the nose and the lungs.

Describe how the nose spray and the body’s natural defences in the airways work in similar ways to defend against pathogens.

The nose spray was tested as a new medical drug.

The manufacturer of the nose spray claims:

‘The nose spray can decrease the number of days that a person has symptoms of the common cold.’

Suggest one reason why this claim is difficult to test.

The nose spray contains a mixture of ingredients.

Suggest two reasons why the nose spray is a mixture of ingredients.

Late-stage HIV (AIDS) affects the immune system.

A person with AIDS is more likely to suffer from another infectious disease.

Give one other example of how having one disease can affect the development of a different disease.

Do not refer to HIV or AIDS.

Some bacteria are pathogens.

What is meant by the term ‘pathogen’?

Bacterial infections can be treated using antibiotics.

Some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.

Table 4 shows the percentage of bacteria resistant to four antibiotics.

Which antibiotic had the greatest increase in bacteria that were resistant between 2004 and 2018?

Tick (✓) one box.

A B C D

One of the antibiotics in Table 4 is only used for serious infections in hospitals.

Suggest which antibiotic is only used for serious infections.

Give a reason for your answer.

Antibiotic A B C D

Many strains of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (SA) are resistant to the antibiotic methicillin.

Table 5 shows information on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in England.

Calculate value X in Table 5.

The number of people with MRSA infection in hospitals decreased between 2008 and 2018.

Suggest one reason for the decrease.

Scientists are trying to develop a vaccine for MRSA.

Explain how a vaccine for MRSA would make people immune to MRSA.

Some bacteria are pathogens.

What is meant by the term ‘pathogen’?

Bacterial infections can be treated using antibiotics.

Some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.

Table 1 shows the percentage of bacteria resistant to four antibiotics.

Which antibiotic had the greatest increase in bacteria that were resistant between 2004 and 2018?

Tick (✓) one box.

A B C D

One of the antibiotics in Table 1 is only used for serious infections in hospitals.

Suggest which antibiotic is only used for serious infections.

Give a reason for your answer.

Antibiotic A B C D

Many strains of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (SA) are resistant to the antibiotic methicillin.

Table 2 shows information on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in England.

Calculate value X in Table 2.

The number of people with MRSA infection in hospitals decreased between 2008 and 2018.

Suggest one reason for the decrease.

Scientists are trying to develop a vaccine for MRSA.

Explain how a vaccine for MRSA would make people immune to MRSA.

Figure 4 shows a mosquito on human skin.

Malaria is a communicable disease.

Mosquitos can transmit malaria when they bite.

What is a communicable disease?

Tick (✓) one box.

Humans have adaptations to defend the body against pathogens.

Draw one line from each body part to the adaptation that defends against pathogens.

What type of chemical is used to kill mosquitos?

Tick (✓) one box.

Scientists are trying to reduce the number of people developing malaria by using genetically modified (GM) mosquitos.

Mosquitos have 6 chromosomes in each normal body cell.

How many chromosomes are in each egg cell from a mosquito?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which statement describes genetic modification?

Tick (✓) one box.

GM mosquitos can be produced in large numbers in laboratories.

These GM mosquitos can be released to reduce the population of wild mosquitos.

What is one advantage of using GM technology to reduce the population of wild mosquitos?

Tick (✓) one box.

Diabetes is a condition where the concentration of sugar in the blood can become too high.

Which chemical decreases the concentration of sugar in the blood?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which organ monitors and controls the concentration of sugar in the blood?

Tick (✓) one box.

A company produces two breakfast cereals.

In a 30 g serving:

cereal A contains 11 g of sugar

cereal B contains 25% less sugar than cereal A.

Calculate 25% of 11 g

Calculate the mass of sugar in a 30 g serving of cereal B.

Use your answer from Question 03.3.

Decreasing sugar in the diet can help prevent Type 2 diabetes.

Give one other health benefit of eating less sugar.

Taking regular exercise can improve health.

Table 2 shows how walking quickly or running may reduce the risk of developing different medical conditions.

The greater the percentage reduction in risk, the less chance there is of developing the medical condition.

Compare the effects of walking quickly with the effects of running on the medical conditions given in Table 2.