Coronary heart disease

Two types of heart disease are: coronary heart disease (CHD)

cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Most types of heart disease are not caused by pathogens.

Name one other disease in humans that is not caused by a pathogen.

Do not refer to CHD or CVD in your answer.

Which are two factors that increase the risk of CHD?

Tick () two boxes.

A diet high in fruits and vegetables

Eating large amounts of fatty food

Going to the gym three times each week

Never smoking cigarettes

Sitting down for long periods every day

Which two treatments can be used to treat CHD?

Tick () two boxes.

A mechanical valve

A placebo tablet

A stent

Insulin

Statins

Stem cells can be used to treat patients who have CHD.

The stem cells divide and become specialised cells in the heart.

What is the name of the process of stem cells becoming specialised?

Tick () one box.

Active transport

Differentiation

Fertilisation

Funnel-web spiders produce a poison to kill prey.

The poison enters the prey when the spider bites the prey.

The poison contains a protein.

Animals produce protease enzymes.

Explain why protease enzymes do not protect animals that are bitten by funnel-web spiders.

The protein from the poison may be used in a new drug.

The protein allows heart muscle tissue to function in low concentrations of oxygen.

Explain how coronary heart disease can decrease the concentration of oxygen in heart muscle tissue.

The new drug may be useful when transporting a donor heart to a patient for a heart transplant.

Suggest why.

The species of funnel-web spider that produces the poison comes from a small, remote area.

Evaluate the use of the poison from the funnel-web spider as a drug.

Fatty material can build up in coronary arteries.

The flow of blood through coronary arteries may be reduced.

Which organ contains coronary arteries?

There are different treatments for coronary diseases.

Draw one line from each treatment to how the treatment works.

Some medical drugs can be produced using genetically modified (GM) bacteria.

How are GM bacteria produced?

Tick (✓) one box.

All genes are removed from the bacteria.

Bacteria are grown in a solution of the drug.

Genes are transferred into the bacteria.

What is one benefit of producing drugs using GM bacteria?

Tick (✓) one box.

Large quantities of the drug can be produced.

Non-GM bacteria live longer than GM bacteria.

The GM bacteria that produce the drug are very infectious.

Scientists are investigating the production of organs from GM animals for transplanting into humans.

What is an advantage of using organs from GM animals compared with using organs from human donors?

Tick (✓) one box.

Organs from GM animals are less likely to be rejected by the human immune system.

Organs from GM animals are not likely to function correctly.

There are more human donors than the number of people who need a transplant.

Suggest one reason why some people disagree with the use of GM animals.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is caused when fatty material builds up in the coronary arteries.

Scientists investigated risk factors for CHD.

Figure 11 shows the percentage of CHD patients with each risk factor.

Which was the most common risk factor in CHD patients?

Use Figure 11.

What percentage of CHD patients had smoking as a risk factor?

Use Figure 11.

Give one other disease that smoking is a risk factor for.

Do not refer to CHD.

Suggest two lifestyle changes a person can make to reduce the risk of CHD.

Do not refer to smoking in your answer.

The coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with blood.

Figure 12 shows two coronary arteries.

A person with CHD has a risk of having a heart attack.

A heart attack will cause the heart muscle to stop contracting.

Explain how CHD can cause a heart attack.

A scientist investigated the effect of exercise on reducing the risk of some medical conditions.

The investigation involved two groups of people.

One group walked quickly and the other group ran.

The people in the walking group exercised for more time than the people in the running group.

Each group transferred the same amount of energy.

Table 7 shows data from the investigation.

Name two factors that should be controlled.

Do not refer to amount of energy transferred, age or sex in your answer.

Blood pressure measures how hard the blood is forced against the walls of the arteries.

Regular exercise makes the heart muscle stronger.

A stronger heart can pump more blood with less effort so the forces on the walls of the arteries decrease.

Suggest why walking reduces the risk of high blood pressure more than running reduces the risk of high blood pressure.

Explain how a high concentration of cholesterol in the blood can cause coronary heart disease.

A student walked quickly for 15 minutes.

Figure 11 shows the effect walking quickly had on the student’s heart rate.

Determine the rate of increase in heart rate of the student at 8.5 minutes.

Use Figure 11.

Explain why heart rate needs to increase during exercise.