Antibiotics

The symptoms of a measles infection include: a fever

a red skin rash.

Why do antibiotics not treat measles?

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Antibiotics cause the measles pathogen to release toxins.

Antibiotics do not kill viruses.

Antibiotics increase body temperature.

Cilia are small hair-like structures in the trachea and bronchi.

Describe how mucus and cilia defend against the entry of pathogens into the lungs.

How does stomach acid defend the body against pathogens?

People can be vaccinated against measles.

What does the measles vaccine contain?

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Hormones

Two types of blood cell

Weakened pathogen

Which part of the blood produces antibodies after receiving the measles vaccination?

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Platelets

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Figure 5 shows how the concentration of measles antibodies in the blood changes after vaccination.

Complete Figure 5 to show how the concentration of measles antibodies will change after the exposure to measles pathogens.

In one group of people: 25 people have been vaccinated against measles

5 people have not been vaccinated against measles.

What is the simplest ratio of people who have been vaccinated to people who have not been vaccinated?

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30: 1

25: 1

5: 1

Scientists recommend that over 95% of the population should be vaccinated against measles.

What is the advantage of a large percentage of the population being vaccinated against measles?

The symptoms of a measles infection are: a fever

a red skin rash.

Why can measles not be treated with antibiotics?

Describe two ways the human body defends against the entry of the measles pathogen into the lungs.

A person is given a measles vaccination by injection.

There is a small amount of bleeding from the wound.

What is the role of platelets after the person receives the injection?

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To begin phagocytosis

To cause the blood to clot

To release antitoxins

How do white blood cells respond to a vaccination against measles?

In the UK, most people have been vaccinated against measles.

In a sample population, the ratio of vaccinated people to unvaccinated people is 594 000: 99 000

Give 594 000: 99 000 as the simplest whole number ratio.

Simplest whole number ratio = __________: __________

Explain why it is important that the ratio of vaccinated people to unvaccinated people is high.

The human immune system responds to pathogens entering the body.

Which part of the blood is responsible for an immune response?

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Platelets

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Some pathogens release toxins in the body.

Name the type of substance produced in the body that destroys the toxins.

Cells in the immune system engulf pathogens.

What is the name of this process?

Plants release pollen.

The human breathing system has defences against the entry of pollen and pathogens.

Draw one line from each adaptation of the breathing system to the description of that adaptation.

The immune response to pollen is an example of an allergy.

Suggest two symptoms of an allergy to pollen.

An allergy to pollen cannot be treated using antibiotics.

Suggest why.

Explain one problem caused by the overuse of antibiotics.

This question is about health.

Some pathogens cause food poisoning.

Explain how the stomach is adapted to prevent food poisoning.

Different types of disease may interact.

Suggest one type of disease that may be triggered by infection with human papillomavirus (HPV).

Chlamydia, HIV and HPV are sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

Chlamydia is caused by the same type of microorganism as gonorrhoea.

Suggest how chlamydia infections are treated.

One symptom of chlamydia infection is damage of the uterus lining.

Which two hormones are involved in maintaining the uterus lining?

Students were asked to estimate the percentage risk of a person becoming infected with different STDs.

` The estimate was compared to the actual percentage risk of infection.

Figure 8 shows the results.

Figure 8

Why is the data in Figure 8 plotted as a bar chart and not as a line graph?

The difference between the estimated risk and the actual risk is not the same for each STD.

Suggest two reasons why.

Explain how only some types of contraception reduce the spread of STDs.

Explain why patients with late-stage HIV infection or AIDS are likely to become very ill from other infections.

A nose spray has been produced.

The nose spray puts a thin layer of gel in the airways between the nose and the lungs.

The manufacturer of the nose spray claims that:

‘The nose spray defends against diseases such as the common cold.’

Why is the manufacturer’s claim difficult to test?

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A symptom of the common cold is a cough.

The common cold does not spread through drinking water.

We do not know who will get the common cold.

The nose spray was tested as a new medical drug.

In the drug trial some patients were given a nose spray with no drug.

What is the word used to describe the nose spray with no drug?

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Painkiller

Placebo

Statin

Most medicines contain a mixture of ingredients.

Why do some tablets contain sugar as well as the drug?

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So that the tablet is more difficult to swallow

To decrease the size of the tablet

To improve the taste of the tablet

Figure 9 shows some of the ways that the body defends itself against infectious diseases.

Describe how the skin, airways and stomach defend against diseases.

On aeroplanes, pathogens can easily spread from one person to another person.

Suggest one way pathogens can spread from one person to another person on an aeroplane.

The manufacturer of a nose spray claims that:

‘The nose spray defends against diseases such as the common cold.’

The nose spray puts a thin layer of gel in the airways between the nose and the lungs.

Describe how the nose spray and the body’s natural defences in the airways work in similar ways to defend against pathogens.

The nose spray was tested as a new medical drug.

The manufacturer of the nose spray claims:

‘The nose spray can decrease the number of days that a person has symptoms of the common cold.’

Suggest one reason why this claim is difficult to test.

The nose spray contains a mixture of ingredients.

Suggest two reasons why the nose spray is a mixture of ingredients.

Late-stage HIV (AIDS) affects the immune system.

A person with AIDS is more likely to suffer from another infectious disease.

Give one other example of how having one disease can affect the development of a different disease.

Do not refer to HIV or AIDS.

Some bacteria are pathogens.

What is meant by the term ‘pathogen’?

Bacterial infections can be treated using antibiotics.

Some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.

Table 4 shows the percentage of bacteria resistant to four antibiotics.

Which antibiotic had the greatest increase in bacteria that were resistant between 2004 and 2018?

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A B C D

One of the antibiotics in Table 4 is only used for serious infections in hospitals.

Suggest which antibiotic is only used for serious infections.

Give a reason for your answer.

Antibiotic A B C D

Many strains of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (SA) are resistant to the antibiotic methicillin.

Table 5 shows information on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in England.

Calculate value X in Table 5.

The number of people with MRSA infection in hospitals decreased between 2008 and 2018.

Suggest one reason for the decrease.

Scientists are trying to develop a vaccine for MRSA.

Explain how a vaccine for MRSA would make people immune to MRSA.

Some bacteria are pathogens.

What is meant by the term ‘pathogen’?

Bacterial infections can be treated using antibiotics.

Some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics.

Table 1 shows the percentage of bacteria resistant to four antibiotics.

Which antibiotic had the greatest increase in bacteria that were resistant between 2004 and 2018?

Tick (✓) one box.

A B C D

One of the antibiotics in Table 1 is only used for serious infections in hospitals.

Suggest which antibiotic is only used for serious infections.

Give a reason for your answer.

Antibiotic A B C D

Many strains of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (SA) are resistant to the antibiotic methicillin.

Table 2 shows information on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in England.

Calculate value X in Table 2.

The number of people with MRSA infection in hospitals decreased between 2008 and 2018.

Suggest one reason for the decrease.

Scientists are trying to develop a vaccine for MRSA.

Explain how a vaccine for MRSA would make people immune to MRSA.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a species of bacteria that can cause food poisoning.

Which term describes E. coli cells?

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Antibiotics are used to treat many different bacterial infections.

The government wants scientists to research and develop a new ‘antibiotic test’ that:

• takes less than 30 minutes

• shows doctors if an antibiotic is needed for an infection

• shows doctors which antibiotic to use.

Suggest two reasons why research into antibiotics is needed.

The new test should mean that fewer people take antibiotics.

What are two effects of fewer people taking antibiotics?

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A vaccine against E. coli is being trialled.

Suggest what this vaccine contains to cause immunity to E. coli.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a species of bacteria that can cause food poisoning.

Which term describes E. coli cells?

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Some strains of E. coli are resistant to antibiotics.

Table 1 shows the number of infections caused by antibiotic resistant E. coli.

Calculate the percentage increase in the number of infections caused by antibiotic resistant E. coli between 2014 and 2018.

Use the equation:

Antibiotics are used to treat many different bacterial infections.

The government wants scientists to research and develop a new ‘antibiotic test’ that:

• takes less than 30 minutes

• shows doctors if an antibiotic is needed for an infection

• shows doctors which antibiotic to use.

Suggest two reasons why research into antibiotics is needed.

The new test should mean that fewer people take antibiotics.

What are two effects of fewer people taking antibiotics?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

A vaccine against E. coli is being trialled.

Suggest what this vaccine contains to cause immunity to E. coli.

HIV infection can prevent the body’s immune system from destroying pathogens.

Explain the roles of white blood cells when a pathogen enters the body.

Name the type of drug that can be used to treat HIV.

Describe how AIDS is different from HIV infection.

Figure 8 shows a wound dressing put over a cut on a person’s hand.

‘Smart’ wound dressings contain tiny electronics and sensors.

Smart dressings constantly monitor the wound to show if the wound is infected.

The information from the smart dressing can be sent wirelessly to the mobile phones of the patient and their doctor.

Smart dressings can release antibiotics if needed.

Evaluate the use of smart dressings compared with the use of the wound dressing shown in Figure 8.