Properties of metals & alloys

This question is about metals and metal compounds.

A teacher demonstrated the reaction of copper with silver nitrate.

Figure 6 shows the apparatus:

at the start

after a few minutes.

The word equation for the reaction is:

copper + silver nitrate copper nitrate + silver

Silver ions are reduced to silver atoms in the reaction.

What is meant by ‘reduced’ in this reaction?

Complete the ionic equation for the reaction between copper and silver nitrate solution.

You should balance the equation.

Copper nitrate is made up of Cu²⁺ ions and NO₃⁻ ions.

What is the formula of copper nitrate?

Tick () one box.

CuNO₃

Cu(NO₃)₂

Cu₂NO₃

Cu₂(NO₃)₃

Figure 7 shows the order of reactivity for three metals.

Table 2 shows the colours of three metal nitrate solutions.

The teacher added an excess of each metal to each metal nitrate solution.

Complete Table 3 to show the colours of the resultant solutions.

Copper is a good conductor of electricity.

Explain how copper conducts electricity.

Pure copper is too soft for many uses.

Copper is mixed with other metals to make copper alloys.

Explain why copper alloys are harder than pure copper.

Alkanes are used as fuels.

Butane is an alkane.

Figure 4 shows butane being used to heat a copper kettle.

The use of butane as a fuel involves a combustion reaction.

What gas in the air does butane react with during combustion?

Why is copper a suitable material for a kettle?

Tick () one box.

Copper can be shaped.

Copper has a low melting point.

Copper reacts with water.

Figure 5 represents a butane molecule.

Enlarge

What is the type of bonding in a butane molecule?

Use Figure 5.

Tick () one box.

Covalent

Ionic

Metallic

What type of structure does butane have?

Use Figure 5.

Tick () one box.

Giant structure

Polymer

Small molecule

Table 2 shows the melting points and boiling points of three alkanes.

Which alkane is a liquid at − 185 °C?

Tick () one box.

Ethane

Propane

Butane

This question is about structure and bonding.

Why can metals be shaped?

Tick (✓) one box.

Different-sized atoms distort the structure.

Layers of atoms slide over each other.

Metallic bonds are weak.

Metals have low melting points.

Explain how metals conduct electricity.

You should answer in terms of electrons.

Figure 9 represents the structure of diamond and of sodium chloride.

Compare the structure and bonding of diamond with the structure and bonding of sodium chloride.

Ethene (C₂H₄) is a small molecule.

Calculate the relative formula mass (M_r) of ethene.

Relative atomic masses (A_r): C = 12 H = 1

Ethene molecules join together to form long-chain poly(ethene) molecules.

Explain why poly(ethene) has a higher melting point than ethene.

You should refer to the:

This question is about structure and bonding.

Why can metals be shaped?

Tick (✓) one box.

Different-sized atoms distort the structure.

Layers of atoms slide over each other.

Metallic bonds are weak.

Metals have low melting points.

Explain how metals conduct electricity.

You should answer in terms of electrons.

Figure 1 represents the structure of diamond and of sodium chloride.

Compare the structure and bonding of diamond with the structure and bonding of sodium chloride.

Ethene (C₂H₄) is a small molecule.

Calculate the relative formula mass (M_r) of ethene.

Relative atomic masses (A_r): C = 12 H = 1

Ethene molecules join together to form long-chain poly(ethene) molecules.

Explain why poly(ethene) has a higher melting point than ethene.

You should refer to the:

This question is about iron and steel.

Figure 18 shows a flow chart for the production of iron and steel from iron ore.

Iron ore consists mainly of iron oxide.

In the blast furnace iron oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to form iron and carbon dioxide.

Complete the equation for the reaction between iron oxide and carbon monoxide.

You should balance the equation.

Iron oxide is reduced in the reaction with carbon monoxide.

What does ‘reduced’ mean in this reaction?

Cast iron is an alloy.

Cast iron contains carbon.

Figure 19 shows the arrangement of atoms in pure iron and in cast iron.

Explain why cast iron is harder than pure iron.

In addition to cast iron, scrap steel is added to the steel-making furnace.

Give three environmental advantages of recycling scrap steel in this way.

This question is about iron and steel.

Figure 4 shows a flow chart for the production of iron and steel from iron ore.

Iron ore consists mainly of iron oxide.

In the blast furnace iron oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to form iron and carbon dioxide.

Complete the equation for the reaction between iron oxide and carbon monoxide.

You should balance the equation.

Iron oxide is reduced in the reaction with carbon monoxide.

What does ‘reduced’ mean in this reaction?

Cast iron is an alloy.

Cast iron contains carbon.

Figure 5 shows the arrangement of atoms in pure iron and in cast iron.

Explain why cast iron is harder than pure iron.

In addition to cast iron, scrap steel is added to the steel-making furnace.

Give three environmental advantages of recycling scrap steel in this way.

A 1 kilogram mass is made from a mixture of metal A and metal B.

Figure 3 represents part of the structure of the 1 kilogram mass.

Figure 3

What is the ratio of metal A atoms to metal B atoms in Figure 3 ?

What is a mixture of metals called?

Tick (✓) one box.

A silicon sphere has a mass of 1 kilogram.

The largest impurity in the silicon sphere is copper.

There are 7 × 10^–5 g of copper in the silicon sphere.

What is the mass of copper in kilograms in the silicon sphere?

Tick (✓) one box.

An atom of silicon has 14 electrons.

What is the electronic structure of silicon?

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Silicon dioxide is a compound of silicon and oxygen.

Figure 4 represents part of the giant structure of silicon dioxide.

Figure 4

Which two words describe the bonding in silicon dioxide?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

How many silicon atoms are bonded to each oxygen atom in silicon dioxide?

Use Figure 4.

Tick (✓) one box.

Which symbol represents the state of silicon dioxide at room temperature?

Tick (✓) one box.

A 1 kg mass is made from a platinum and iridium alloy.

The platinum and iridium alloy is harder than pure platinum.

Explain why alloys are harder than the pure metal.

The 1 kilogram mass consisted of 900 g platinum and 100 g iridium.

What was the ratio of platinum atoms to iridium atoms in the alloy?

Relative atomic masses (A_r): Pt = 195
Ir = 192

Tick (✓) one box.

The Avogadro constant is the number of atoms in 1 mole of a substance.

What is the value of the Avogadro constant?

Tick (✓) one box.

Scientists could use a sample of silicon to define the Avogadro constant.

Copper is an impurity in the silicon sample.

There are 70 nanograms of copper in 1 g of the sample.

Calculate the mass of copper in grams in 1 kg of the sample.

Give your answer in standard form.

1 nanogram = 10^–9 g

Silicon mainly occurs in the Earth’s crust as silicon dioxide.

Figure 8 represents part of the structure of silicon dioxide.

Determine the empirical formula of silicon dioxide.

Use Figure 8.

Describe the structure and bonding in silicon dioxide.

A teacher extracted copper from copper oxide.

This is the method used.

1. Mix 1.30 g of zinc and 1.59 g of copper oxide.

2. Heat the mixture strongly.

3. When the mixture starts to glow, stop heating.

4. Let the glow spread through the mixture.

5. Leave the mixture to cool.

This reaction is exothermic.

Which part of the method shows the reaction is exothermic?

Tick one box.

The equation for the reaction between zinc and copper oxide is:

1.30 g of zinc fully reacted with 1.59 g of copper oxide to produce 1.62 g of zinc oxide.

What mass of copper was produced?

What is the physical state of zinc oxide in the reaction?

Tick one box.

Which substance has been oxidised in the reaction?

Tick one box.

What type of reaction takes place when zinc reacts with copper oxide?

Tick one box.

Copper is a metal.

Which structure represents the arrangement of atoms in pure copper?

Tick one box.

Copper is used in electrical wiring.

Give one reason why.

In the UK, 40% of the copper we use is recycled copper.

The other 60% is copper obtained by mining.

What is the simplest ratio of recycled copper to copper obtained by mining?

Tick one box.

What are two advantages of recycling copper?

Tick two boxes.

One alloy contains iron, chromium and nickel.

Figure 2 shows the mass of iron and the mass of nickel in 80 g of this alloy.

Determine the mass of iron and nickel in 80 g of the alloy.

Use Figure 2.

Calculate the mass of chromium in 80 g of the alloy.

Draw a bar on Figure 2 to show the mass of chromium in 80 g of the alloy.

What mass of iron is present in 0.80 kg of the alloy?

Give your answer in grams.

What is an alloy?

Give one reason why alloys are used instead of pure metals.

Iron and nickel are both magnetic metals.

Which is also a magnetic metal?

Tick one box.

A student plotted the magnetic field pattern around a bar magnet.

Figure 3 shows the magnetic field pattern.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

Bar magnets produce their own magnetic fields.

Which statement about the magnetic field around a bar magnet is correct?

Tick one box.

This is the start of a method used to plot a magnetic field pattern around a bar magnet.

1. Place the magnet on a piece of paper.

2. Draw around the magnet.

3. Mark a dot by a pole of the magnet.

4. Place the compass on the dot.

Figure 4 shows the apparatus after steps 1–4.

Describe the rest of the method to plot the magnetic field pattern.