Classification

Figure 7 shows an oak tree.

The binomial name of the oak tree is Quercus robur.

What is the genus name of the oak tree?

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Oak

Quercus

Robur

Other species of tree are in the same genus as Quercus robur.

What does it mean if two species of tree are in the same genus?

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The two species are always found in the same place.

The two species are closely related to each other.

The two species look exactly the same.

Oak trees grow at points where cells can divide.

Growth in oak trees happens at the tips of the branches.

Name the type of tissue at the tips of the branches.

Oak trees reproduce by sexual reproduction to produce seeds.

An acorn is a nut that contains a seed.

The seed may become a new oak tree.

Which process produces the cell that grows into the seed?

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Evolution

Fertilisation

Translocation

One type of insect lays eggs in acorns.

The insect eggs cause the acorn to grow abnormally.

The abnormal growth is called a gall.

Insect embryos grow inside the gall.

Figure 8 shows a normal acorn and an acorn that has grown a gall.

The gall is made from oak tree cells that have divided.

The cells of the gall contain two sets of chromosomes.

Which process produces the cells of the gall?

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Circulation

Digestion

Mitosis

The insects have changed over time and caused a gall to grow on acorns.

The gall increases the chance of survival of the insects inside the gall.

What name is given to the process of the insects changing over time?

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Clone production

Evolution

Inbreeding

The oak tree transports water and nutrients to the insect embryos inside the gall.

Water moves from the roots to the leaves.

Name the process that moves water from the roots to the leaves.

A species of grass has the binomial name Lolium perenne.

What is the genus of the grass?

Grass leaves look green because of a green pigment found in chloroplasts.

Name the green pigment found in chloroplasts.

Which mineral ion is found in the green pigment in chloroplasts?

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Magnesium ion

Nitrate ion

Sodium ion

An area of grass changed colour after being covered by a tent.

The colour of the grass changed from green to yellow.

Figure 13 shows the area of green grass and the area of yellow grass.

A student used paper chromatography to investigate the pigments in grass leaves from: the area of green grass the area of yellow grass.

Figure 14 shows the results.

Figure 14

Distance

Start line

Green Yellow grass grass leaves leaves

The student crushed the grass leaves.

Describe a method to separate the pigments in the crushed grass leaves using paper chromatography.

Figure 14 is repeated below.

Figure 14

Distance

Start line

Green Yellow grass grass leaves leaves

Determine the R_f value of the pigment that is found in green grass leaves but not found in yellow grass leaves.

Use the equation:

R = distance moved by pigment ^f distance moved by solvent

Use Figure 14.

There are fewer pigments in the yellow grass leaves than in the green grass leaves.

Suggest one reason why.

A species of grass has the binomial name Lolium perenne.

What is the genus of the grass?

Grass leaves look green because of a green pigment found in chloroplasts.

Name the green pigment found in chloroplasts.

Which mineral ion is found in the green pigment in chloroplasts?

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Magnesium ion

Nitrate ion

Sodium ion

An area of grass changed colour after being covered by a tent.

The colour of the grass changed from green to yellow.

Figure 2 shows the area of green grass and the area of yellow grass.

A student used paper chromatography to investigate the pigments in grass leaves from: the area of green grass the area of yellow grass.

Figure 3 shows the results.

Figure 3

Distance

Start line

Green Yellow grass grass leaves leaves

The student crushed the grass leaves.

Describe a method to separate the pigments in the crushed grass leaves using paper chromatography.

Figure 3 is repeated below.

Figure 3

Distance

Start line

Green Yellow grass grass leaves leaves

Determine the R_f value of the pigment that is found in green grass leaves but not found in yellow grass leaves.

Use the equation:

R = distance moved by pigment distance moved by solvent

Use Figure 3.

There are fewer pigments in the yellow grass leaves than in the green grass leaves.

Suggest one reason why.

Classification of living organisms has changed over time.

Cabbage and cauliflower plants are both the same species, Brassica oleracea.

What is the genus name of cabbage and cauliflower?

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Brassica

Brassica oleracea

Oleracea

Figure 5 shows the evolution of some plants.

Cabbage and cauliflower evolved into a new species 9 million years ago.

Rapeseed and turnip evolved more recently.

How many million years ago did rapeseed and turnip evolve into two species?

_________________ million years ago

Farmers have gradually changed Brassica oleracea over thousands of years to produce different varieties.

Which process produced the different varieties of Brassica oleracea ?

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Active transport

Selective breeding

Transpiration

Scientists investigated the genome of cabbage and the genome of cauliflower.

What does genome mean?

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A mutation in the DNA

All of the DNA in an organism

The DNA in one gene

Cabbage and cauliflower have some of the same genes.

Figure 6 shows the number of genes found:

only in cabbage

only in cauliflower

in cabbage and in cauliflower.

Cabbage contains a total of 30 000 genes.

Calculate the percentage of genes in cabbage that are found in both cabbage and cauliflower.

Use the equation:

How does Figure 6 provide evidence that cabbage and cauliflower are closely related?

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Cabbage and cauliflower contain the same number of genes.

More genes are only found in cauliflower than only in cabbage.

Most genes are the same in cabbage and in cauliflower.

This question is about the evolution of cats.

Felis lunensis is an extinct cat that lived approximately 2.5 million years ago.

What is the genus name of the cat Felis lunensis ?

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Cat

Felis

Lunensis

Scientists believe that modern-day cats have evolved from Felis lunensis.

How did modern-day cats evolve?

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By cloning

By genetic modification

By natural selection

Give one type of evidence scientists can use to show that modern-day cats have evolved from Felis lunensis.

Scottish wild cats can breed with domestic cats to produce offspring.

The offspring is called a hybrid cat.

Figure 9 shows a Scottish wild cat, a domestic cat and a hybrid cat.

The hybrid cat has inherited genes for different characteristics from both parents.

How has the hybrid cat inherited genes from both parents?

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By genetic engineering

By mitosis

By mutation

By sexual reproduction

Which chemical are genes made from?

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Cellulose

DNA

Lipid

Protein

Give one characteristic that the hybrid cat has inherited from the Scottish wild cat.

Use Figure 9.

Give one characteristic that the hybrid cat has inherited from the domestic cat.

Use Figure 9.

Scientists have investigated the populations of Scottish wild cats and hybrid cats.

Cats hunt for prey at night.

Suggest one reason why scientists find it difficult to identify the type of cat seen at night.

Figure 10 shows where Scottish wild cats and hybrid cats were seen in Scotland in 1987 and 2008.

Describe three differences in the populations of cats between 1987 and 2008.

Use Figure 10.