Properties of ionic compounds

Sodium carbonate has the formula Na₂CO₃.

Sodium carbonate contains Na⁺ ions and CO₃^2– ions.

The atomic number of sodium is 11.

What is the electronic configuration of the Na⁺ ion?

Explain why solid sodium carbonate cannot conduct electricity but a solution of sodium carbonate can conduct electricity.

Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium in sodium carbonate, Na₂CO₃.

(relative atomic masses: C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23)

percentage by mass of sodium =_........

*(c) A student has three solids, A, B and C.

The solids are sodium carbonate, powdered zinc and copper oxide, but the student does not know which solid is which.

The student reacted each solid with dilute sulfuric acid.

Figure 9 shows the student’s observations and the results of tests on any gases produced.

Use the observations and results in Figure 9 to identify which solid is which.

Your answer should include

• how each test result helps you to identify the solid

• word equations to support your answer.

Sodium carbonate has the formula Na₂CO₃.

Sodium carbonate contains Na⁺ ions and CO₃^2– ions.

The atomic number of sodium is 11.

What is the electronic configuration of the Na⁺ ion?

Explain why solid sodium carbonate cannot conduct electricity but a solution of sodium carbonate can conduct electricity.

Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium in sodium carbonate, Na₂CO₃.

(relative atomic masses: C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23)

percentage by mass of sodium =_........

This question is about the properties of different substances.

Silicon tetrachloride is a simple molecular covalent compound.

A molecule of silicon tetrachloride is composed of a silicon atom and four chlorine atoms.

• a silicon atom has 4 outer electrons

• a chlorine atom has 7 outer electrons

Draw a dot and cross diagram of a molecule of silicon tetrachloride, SiCl₄.

Show outer electrons only.

Explain why simple molecular covalent compounds such as silicon tetrachloride have low melting and boiling points.

Part of the structure of rubidium bromide is shown in Figure 4.

Which row shows the most likely melting point and boiling point of rubidium bromide?

*(c) Diamond and graphite are two forms of carbon.

Figure 5 shows how the carbon atoms are arranged in a part of the structure of each of these forms of carbon.

• diamond is one of the hardest known substances on Earth and is used in cutting tools.

• graphite is soft and flaky.

• diamond is a poor electrical conductor, but graphite is a good electrical conductor.

Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, these properties of diamond and graphite.

Figure 5 shows the structure of a molecule of compound S.

Use Figure 5 to deduce the empirical formula of compound S.

The melting points of three samples of S are shown in Figure 6.

State whether each of these samples, A, B and C, is pure or impure and justify your answers using the information in Figure 6.

A scientist uses chromatography in an investigation of compound S.

In the conditions used, compound S has an R_f value of 0.22.

Calculate the distance the spot of compound S moves if the solvent front has moved by 2.4 cm.

distance =_........ cm

*(c) A solution of sodium chloride in water needs to be separated to obtain a sample of pure, dry sodium chloride and a sample of pure water.

Figure 7 shows the boiling points of sodium chloride and water.

Explain this difference in boiling points in terms of the structure and bonding of sodium chloride and water and how this difference is used to choose a method to separate sodium chloride solution into pure, dry sodium chloride and pure water.

Chlorine is an element in group 7 of the periodic table.

What name is given to group 7 of the periodic table?

Chlorine reacts with sodium to form sodium chloride.

Write the word equation for this reaction.

Chlorine, Cl₂, is made of simple molecules.

Describe what is meant by the term molecule.

Sodium, like all metals, conducts electricity.

Explain how sodium conducts electricity.

Sodium chloride contains sodium ions, Na⁺, and chloride ions, Cl^–.

Use this information to state the formula of sodium chloride.

Sodium chloride is made of a giant structure of ions.

Which diagram shows the arrangement of particles in sodium chloride?

Sodium chloride solution conducts electricity.

State what can be put into the circuit in Figure 8 to show that a current is flowing.

Figure 9 shows a flow diagram of how hydrochloric acid can be made.

Balance the equation for the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine to form hydrogen chloride.

H₂ + Cl_{2 ........} HCl

State how hydrogen chloride can be converted into hydrochloric acid.

Magnesium carbonate has the formula MgCO₃.

Magnesium carbonate contains Mg²⁺ and CO₃²⁻ ions.

The atomic number of magnesium is 12.

What is the electronic configuration of the Mg²⁺ ion?

Explain why solid magnesium carbonate cannot conduct electricity but solid magnesium can.

Calculate the percentage by mass of magnesium in magnesium carbonate, MgCO₃.

(relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Mg = 24.0)

percentage by mass of magnesium =_........

*(c) A student has two separate test tubes containing sulfuric acid.

The student adds a spatula measure of magnesium carbonate, MgCO₃, to the first test tube and a piece of magnesium to the second test tube.

Explain what the student would see in each test tube and the tests that they should carry out to identify the gases produced.

Your answer should include word equations for the reactions that would take place.

Magnesium carbonate has the formula MgCO₃.

Magnesium carbonate contains Mg²⁺ and CO₃²⁻ ions.

The atomic number of magnesium is 12.

What is the electronic configuration of the Mg²⁺ ion?

Explain why solid magnesium carbonate cannot conduct electricity but solid magnesium can.

Calculate the percentage by mass of magnesium in magnesium carbonate, MgCO₃.

(relative atomic masses: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Mg = 24.0)

percentage by mass of magnesium =_........

Magnesium carbonate reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid. Water and carbon dioxide are two of the products of the reaction.

Complete the balanced equation for this reaction.

MgCO₃ + 2HCl _........ + H₂O + CO₂

Bromine is a liquid at room temperature and vaporises readily. Bromine has a simple molecular structure.

Which row of the table shows the most likely melting and boiling points of bromine?

Part of the structure of graphene is shown in Figure 3.

Explain why graphene will be a good conductor of an electric current.

Part of the structure of potassium chloride is shown in Figure 4.

Potassium chloride has a melting point of 770 °C.

Explain why potassium chloride has a high melting point.

*(d) A molecule of methane can be represented in several different ways as shown in Figure 5. These representations have been labelled A – E to assist you in your answer.

Describe what information can be obtained from each representation including the limitations of these representations of methane.

The concentration of a solution can be calculated using the equation

A student dissolved 9.25 g of ammonium chloride in water and made up the

Use the equation to calculate the concentration of this solution in gdm⁻³.

concentration =_........ g dm⁻³

Dissolving ammonium chloride in water is an endothermic process. Figure 10 shows part of the reaction profile for this process.

Explain how Figure 10 shows that dissolving ammonium chloride in water is an endothermic process.

Complete the reaction profile in Figure 10 and label the activation energy.

Ammonia gas is toxic.

Which symbol should be placed on a container of a toxic gas?

Give one safety precaution that should be taken when working with toxic gases in the laboratory.

The concentration of a solution can be calculated using the equation

A student dissolved 9.25 g of ammonium chloride in water and made up the

Use the equation to calculate the concentration of this solution in gdm⁻³.

concentration =_........ g dm^–3

Dissolving ammonium chloride in water is an endothermic process. Figure 1 shows part of the reaction profile for this process.

Explain how Figure 1 shows that dissolving ammonium chloride in water is an endothermic process.

Complete the reaction profile in Figure 1 and label the activation energy.

Calcium has an atomic number of 20. A calcium atom has a mass number of 40.

Which row of the table shows the number of protons and number of neutrons in this atom of calcium?

Figure 6 shows the arrangement of electrons in an atom of calcium.

Explain, using the information in Figure 6, in which period of the periodic table calcium can be found.

Calcium and potassium react with water in similar ways.

One similarity in the reactions is that hydrogen gas is produced.

State one other similarity in the products of the reactions of calcium and potassium with water.

Potassium is higher in the reactivity series than calcium and reacts more vigorously with water than calcium reacts with water.

State why potassium is higher in the reactivity series and reacts more vigorously with water than calcium.

*(c) Calcium chloride can be prepared by the reaction of calcium with chlorine gas.

Figure 7 shows some properties of calcium, chlorine and calcium chloride.

Explain, in terms of bonding and structure, why the properties of the product, calcium chloride, are different from the properties of the reactants, calcium and chlorine.

Chlorine, bromine and iodine are elements in group 7 of the periodic table.

Chlorine is toxic.

State one safety precaution that should be taken when using chlorine in the laboratory.

Chlorine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen chloride.

Write the word equation for this reaction.

Hydrogen chloride dissolves in water to form an acidic solution.

State what is seen when blue litmus paper is placed into this solution.

A chlorine atom has seven electrons in its outer shell. A hydrogen atom has one electron in its outer shell.

Complete the dot and cross diagram of a molecule of hydrogen chloride. Show outer shell electrons only.

Name the type of bonding in a molecule of hydrogen chloride.

If chlorine solution is added to sodium bromide solution a reaction occurs.

chlorine + sodium bromide sodium chloride + bromine

Give a reason why this reaction occurs.

Figure 5 shows apparatus used to find out if a solution conducts electricity.

Glucose solution and sodium chloride solution are tested. Glucose is a typical simple molecular covalent compound. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound.

State what would happen to the lamp when glucose solution is tested.

State what would happen to the lamp when sodium chloride solution is tested.

Figure 6 shows how the conductivity of one solution changes as its concentration increases.

Figure 6

Describe how the conductivity of this solution changes as its concentration increases from 0 to 500 g dm^–3.

Describe what is seen when chlorine water is added to potassium bromide solution and the mixture shaken.

Chlorine reacts with potassium bromide to form potassium chloride and bromine. In this reaction chlorine forms chloride ions

In this reaction, chlorine has been reduced.

Explain, using the equation, how you know that chlorine has been reduced.

Write the half equation for the formation of bromine from bromide ions.

Aluminium reacts with chlorine to form aluminium chloride.

Write the balanced equation for this reaction.

A solid ionic compound is dissolved in water to form a solution.

Describe a simple experiment to show that charged particles are present in this solution.