There are two types of cell division, meiosis and mitosis.
Complete the table to show which type of cell division is described by each statement.
Tick (✓) one box in each row.
[4]
Cancer is the result of changes in cells.
In which part of a cell do these changes occur?
Tick (✓) one box.
[1]
Describe how the changes lead to a single cell forming a tumour.
[2]
A student investigates the effect of sugar concentration on osmosis. They use potato cylinders placed in sugar solutions of different concentrations.
Statements A to E describe how the student does the investigation.
The statements are not in the correct order.
A Cut five potato cylinders.
B Calculate the change in mass.
C Measure the starting mass of the potato cylinders.
D Place the potato cylinders into each of the different sugar solutions for 24 hours.
E Remove and dry the potato cylinders, and measure their mass.
Write the letters in the boxes to show the correct order.
One has been done for you.
[3]
State one variable that the student should control in this investigation.
[1]
Suggest why the student dries the potato cylinders before measuring their final mass.
[1]
The table shows the student’s results.
| Sugar solution | Mass of the potato cylinder at the start (g) | Mass of the potato cylinder after drying (g) | Change in mass (g) |
| V | 1.10 | 1.21 | + 0.11 |
| W | 1.36 | 1.48 | ........................................ |
| X | 1.42 | 1.42 | 0.00 |
| Y | 1.28 | 1.18 | ........................................ |
| Z | 1.35 | 1.12 | –0.23 |
Calculate the change in mass for potato cylinders W and Y.
[1]
The student uses the change in mass to conclude which sugar solution had the largest effect on the potato cylinders.
Suggest why the student cannot make a valid comparison between the potato cylinders using the change in mass.
Use the data in the table.
[1]
Suggest two ways in which the student could improve their method so they can make a valid comparison between potato cylinders.
[2]
Explain why some of the potato cylinders decreased in mass.
Use ideas about osmosis.
[2]
The potato cylinder placed in sugar solution X did not change in mass.
Suggest one reason why this might have happened.
[1]
We can become unwell if we are infected with a pathogen.
[3]
Antibodies are proteins.
Which molecules are joined together to make a protein?
Tick (✓) one box.
[1]
What is the reagent used to test for proteins?
Tick (✓) one box.
[1]
Explain how a vaccination provides protection against an infection.
[3]
AIDS is a condition caused by a pathogen that destroys white blood cells.
State the type of pathogen that causes AIDS.
[1]
Explain why a common communicable disease such as influenza can be much more dangerous for a person who is living with AIDS.
[1]
The botanist Carl Linnaeus classified many organisms in the 1700s.
Describe how scientists such as Linnaeus classified organisms into groups.
[1]
Describe one additional piece of evidence from cells that modern scientists use to classify organisms.
[1]
Tigers live in forests around Asia, China and Russia.
Tigers are an endangered species.
Describe two human activities that could have caused tigers to become endangered.
[1]
It is estimated that:
• in 1900, there were 100 000 tigers in India
• by 1972, there were only 1827 tigers in India.
Calculate the percentage decrease in the number of tigers in India from 1900 to 1972.
[2]
Scientists estimate the tiger population size in India each year.
Suggest one reason why scientists can only estimate the tiger population size.
[1]
Scientists are trying to conserve tigers in India. This has the benefit of protecting them from extinction.
Explain one other benefit and one challenge of conserving tigers in India.
Benefit........
Challenge........
[4]
Tay-Sachs disease is inherited.
It is caused by a recessive allele of a single gene.
Explain the term recessive.
[1]
Complete the Punnett square to show how Tay-Sachs disease may be inherited when both parents are heterozygous.
Use:
• T to represent a normal allele
• t to represent a Tay-Sachs disease allele.
[2]
Which offspring would have Tay-Sachs disease?
[1]
Write down the expected ratio of children without Tay-Sachs disease to children with the disease for these parents.
[1]
Tay-Sachs disease damages nerve cells in the nervous system.
The Tay-Sachs allele codes for a functional protein that has an active site.
What type of protein does the Tay-Sachs allele code for?
Tick (✓) one box.
[1]
Stem cells could be a potential treatment for Tay-Sachs disease.
There are adult and embryonic stem cells.
Describe the different functions of these stem cells.
Adult........
Embryonic........
[2]
Which statement is an ethical implication of using stem cells?
Tick (✓) one box.
[1]
Explain your answer to (c)(ii).
[1]
All new treatments must be tested before they are made widely available.
Clinical drug trials can be classed as blind or double blind.
Describe what is meant by a blind and a double-blind trial.
[2]
The mean number of daisies in each quadrat is 8.
Calculate the estimated population of daisies in the park.
Give your answer in standard form and to two significant figures.
[5]
Suggest two ways in which the student could improve the investigation so that the estimate is not biased.
[2]
Daisies take up water and minerals from the soil through their root hair cells.
State the names of the processes that move water and mineral ions into root hair cells.
Water........
Mineral ions........
[2]
Plants have transport vessels called xylem and phloem.
Xylem vessels are involved in transpiration. Phloem vessels are used for the translocation of
Xylem vessel
Phloem vessel
Explain one way in which xylem and one way in which phloem are adapted to carry out their functions.
Xylem........
Phloem........
[2]
The heart is an organ in the circulatory system.
Describe how the human circulatory system works together with the gaseous exchange and digestive systems.
Gaseous exchange system........
Digestive system........
[2]
Fig. 7.1 shows the inside of the human heart.
The heart is adapted to pump blood around the body.
Describe the function of the valves in the heart.
[1]
* Fig. 7.2 shows the coronary artery on the outside of a patient’s heart.
The patient has also been diagnosed with high blood pressure.
Explain why this patient is at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and evaluate ways in which they could reduce their risk.
[6]
Humans have reflexes to prevent our body from damage.
We blink to protect our eyes. The blink reflex happens when a stimulus is detected.
Complete the boxes to explain how the blink reflex happens.
[3]
Reflexes are involuntary responses.
An example of a voluntary response is deciding to pick up a book.
State the additional structure that is involved in a voluntary response.
[1]
The nervous system and endocrine system respond to internal and external change.
Explain the importance of homeostasis.
[1]
Hormones control many processes in the human body.
Complete the table to explain the role of the hormone adrenaline in the human body.
| Adrenaline | |
| Secreted by | Adrenal gland |
| Stimulus | ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... |
| Effect on liver | ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... |
| Effect on muscles | ....................................................................................... ....................................................................................... |
[3]
The graph shows changes in the levels of four hormones that control the menstrual cycle during one complete cycle.
Draw lines to connect each hormone to its correct name and action to explain how they interact to control the menstrual cycle.
Hormone Name Action
[5]
Complete the table to describe the process of photosynthesis, including the inputs and outputs of the two stages.
Use words from the list.
[3]
A student investigates the effect of light on the rate of photosynthesis in pondweed.
The table shows the student’s results.
| Light intensity (arbitrary units) | Distance from the light source (cm) | Number of bubbles given off in 1 minute |
| 0.0064 | 105 | |
| 0.0016 | 25.0 | 105 |
| 0.0004 | 50.0 | 28 |
| 0.0001 | 100.0 | 8 |
Calculate the distance from the light source at which the light intensity is 0.0064. Use the equation: light intensity = 
[3]
Use the table and the equation to explain why the rate of photosynthesis changes with distance from the light source.
[1]
There are different methods that can be used to collect the gas produced by the pondweed.
Describe a different method that the student could use and explain why it is better than counting the number of bubbles in 1 minute.
[2]
The graph shows the effects of light intensity and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis.
Explain the effect and interaction of light intensity and temperature in limiting the rate of photosynthesis.
Use evidence from the graph in your answer.
[2]
The paper as printed
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