Cell structure

Sperm cells are involved in fertilisation.

The diagram shows a human sperm cell.

Label the nucleus of this sperm cell.

State the number of chromosomes in the nucleus of this sperm cell.

State what is meant by the term fertilisation.

Dairy farmers want their cows to produce more female offspring. Scientists have developed a method to increase the percentage of female offspring from cows.

Suggest why dairy farmers want their cows to produce more female offspring.

In the scientists’ method, sperm cells containing X chromosomes are separated from sperm cells containing Y chromosomes. This is their method.

• add sperm cells to a solution of dye that stains DNA, so that the DNA reflects light

• pass the sperm cells through a cell sorter

• shine light on the sperm cells as they pass through the sorter

• separate the sperm cells into different tubes depending on the amount of light they reflect

Suggest how the scientists’ method can separate sperm cells containing an X chromosome from those containing a Y chromosome.

Scientists carried out an investigation to find out how successful a cell sorter is in separating X and Y chromosomes.

Sperm cells from the cell sorter produced 43 females out of a total of 44 offspring. Calculate the success of producing females as a percentage of the total number of offspring.

Give the control experiment that should be used in this investigation.

Predict the results of the control experiment.

The diagram shows the alimentary canal of a rabbit with some parts labelled.

The table lists descriptions of some parts of the alimentary canal. Complete the table by giving the correct part from the diagram to match each description. One has been done for you.

Explain how the liver helps digestion in the alimentary canal.

Rabbits eat grass. The diagram shows the cell wall of a leaf cell from a grass plant. Complete the diagram by drawing and labelling other structures in this leaf cell.

Grass cell walls are made of cellulose. Rabbits cannot digest cellulose. Bacteria living in the large intestine of rabbits can digest cellulose into glucose. Rabbits eat their own faeces to obtain this glucose.

Give two differences between the structure of bacterial cells and the structure of plant cells.

Describe a test to show that rabbit faeces contain glucose.

Many people in the UK eat fish and chips. The drawing shows a plate of fish and chips.

Describe what happens to fish protein in the stomach.

The chips are made from potatoes. Potatoes are the underground carbohydrate storage organs of the potato plant. The diagram shows a cell from potato tissue, as seen through a microscope.

Name the parts labelled A, B and C.

Chips are cooked by frying them in lipid (oil). Some of this lipid is left on the surface of the chips after cooking. The diagram shows three different shaped chips from the same potato. Each chip has the same mass.

The table shows the surface area, the volume and the surface area to volume ratio for chips A and B. Use the diagram to complete the table for chip C, which is a cube.

Eating too much lipid is harmful to health. Explain which shape of chip, A, B or C, is the most healthy to eat.

Yeast is a single-celled fungus. The diagram shows a yeast cell with parts labelled A to F.

The table lists functions of different parts of the yeast cell. Complete the table by giving the letter of the part that carries out the function.

The table lists statements. Put a tick () in the boxes next to the statements that are correct for yeast.

A student uses a microscope to look at some cells from an organ found in a plant. The diagram shows what the student observes through the microscope. One cell has been labelled X.

Name the organ that the student observes.

What is meant by the term organ ?

Draw a labelled diagram of cell X.

(a) The diagram shows a plant cell drawn by a student.

Label the diagram to show the selectively permeable membrane.

Name three parts of a typical plant cell that are not found in an animal cell.

The diagram shows a glass container divided in half by a selectively permeable membrane. One half contains water and the other half contains sucrose solution.

Complete the diagram below to show the change to the level of the water and the level of the sucrose solution after one hour.

Name the process that causes the change in the level of the water and the level of the sucrose solution.