Effects of smoking

The diagram shows parts of the human respiratory system with some structures labelled.

Which of these is the structure labelled X?

State why a lung is described as an organ.

Explain how contraction of the diaphragm causes air to move into the lungs.

A scientist compared the rate at which oxygen is used during exercise by a person who is a non-smoker with a person who is a smoker. The rate is measured in cm³ per minute for each kilogram of body mass. The table shows the scientist’s results.

Calculate the volume of oxygen used in 30 minutes by a non‑smoker with a mass of 70 kg.

volume =_........ ³

Explain the effect of cigarette smoking on the rate at which oxygen is used.

The diagram shows four glands in the human body labelled W, X, Y and Z.

LH is a hormone involved in the menstrual cycle.

Which labelled gland produces LH?

Describe the functions of LH during the menstrual cycle.

The diagram shows a fetus developing in a uterus.

Explain how the amniotic fluid and placenta enable the safe growth of the fetus.

Scientists investigated the effects of tobacco smoking and taking mineral ion supplements on the growth of developing babies during pregnancy.

The scientists looked at four groups of mothers.

• Group A non-smokers taking mineral ion supplements

• Group B non-smokers not taking mineral ion supplements

• Group C smokers taking mineral ion supplements

• Group D smokers not taking mineral ion supplements

The graph shows the mean masses of developing babies at 12 weeks of pregnancy at 24 weeks of pregnancy and at birth (36 weeks).

Calculate the percentage difference at 36 weeks of the mean mass of babies from mothers in group A compared with the mean mass of babies from mothers in group D.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

Comment on the effect of smoking and the effect of taking mineral ion supplements on the growth of babies.

Use the graph and your own knowledge to help your answer.

Smoking cigarettes has harmful effects on the body.

Graph 1 shows the number of hospital admissions in thousands due to conditions caused by smoking each year from 2009 to 2019.

Using information from Graph 1, calculate the percentage increase in the number of hospital admissions caused by smoking in 2019 compared with 2009.

Graph 2 shows the percentage of all hospital admissions that were due to conditions caused by smoking each year from 2009 to 2019.

Comment on the changes in the number of hospital admissions caused by smoking and the percentage of all hospital admissions that were caused by smoking.

Use data from graph 1 and graph 2 in your answer.

Smoking causes harmful effects on the lungs.

Describe the consequences of smoking cigarettes for the functioning of the lungs.

The data in the table was collected in Japan during a seven-year study. Scientists collected data on the age of mothers and whether they smoked during pregnancy. They also recorded the percentage of the babies that had a low birth mass.

Calculate the percentage of mothers aged 19 years and under who smoked during pregnancy.

Determine the ratio of non-smokers to smokers used in the study. Give the ratio as the nearest whole number (n) in the form n:1

ratio =_........

A student examines this data and concludes that smoking is the main factor that causes low birth mass. Use the data and your own biological knowledge to comment on this conclusion.

The scientist, Richard Doll, collected data about deaths from cancer in the 1950s.

The table shows data for four groups.

Plot a bar chart to show the number of deaths from lung cancer and from other cancers for each of the four groups.

Calculate the difference in the percentage of all deaths caused by lung cancer in heavy smokers compared to the percentage of all deaths caused by lung cancer in light smokers.

This table gives no information about the age of the people who died.

Suggest why age may affect the likelihood of dying from lung cancer.

Explain one effect, other than lung cancer, that smoking has on health.

An electronic cigarette (e‑cigarette) has been invented. E‑cigarettes are held in the hand like normal cigarettes. Instead of burning tobacco, e‑cigarettes heat a liquid that contains nicotine and flavourings to produce a vapour that is inhaled. Scientists carried out an investigation to see how the smoking habits of students changed between 2011 and 2016. Each year they determined the percentage of students who used e‑cigarettes and the percentage of students who smoked normal cigarettes during the year. The results are shown in the table.

Plot a line graph to show how the percentage of students who used e‑cigarettes and the percentage of students who smoked normal cigarettes changed between 2011 and 2016. Join the points with straight lines.

Describe the changes in the percentages of students smoking cigarettes and using e‑cigarettes between 2011 and 2016.

The scientists interviewed 60 000 students each year during the period of the investigation. Calculate the change in the number of students who were smoking normal cigarettes from 2011 to 2016.

number of students =_........

Some people are promoting e‑cigarettes as a healthier alternative to smoking normal cigarettes.

Suggest why using e‑cigarettes may be thought to be less harmful than smoking normal cigarettes.

Suggest why many doctors are concerned about promoting the use of e‑cigarettes to young people.

The human heart pumps blood when its muscle tissue contracts.

Diagram 1 shows a human heart and a cross‑section through its ventricles.

Which of these statements about the ventricles is correct?

Ventricle muscle tissue is damaged if the blood supply is reduced.

Diagram 2 shows the damaged part of a human heart and a cross‑section through its ventricles.

Explain the cause of the change in the appearance of the muscle tissue in diagram 2.

Scientists are investigating the use of stem cells to repair damaged hearts.

The stem cells are injected into the ventricle muscle tissue.

Explain why stem cells could repair a damaged heart.

The stem cells are obtained from the person who has the damaged heart.

Explain why using stem cells from the same person is better than using stem cells from a different person.