The Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram shown can be used to classify stars.
Three regions in the HR diagram are labelled P, Q and R.
The boxes show the three regions and different astronomical objects.
Draw a straight line from each region to the type of astronomical object contained in that region.
(3)
Define the term absolute magnitude.
(2)
A wrench is used to turn a nut.
(Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/adjustable-spanner-isolated-on-white-chrome-1794553030)
The force applied to the wrench is 28 N.
Calculate the moment applied by the wrench on the nut.
Give a suitable unit.
(3)
State two changes that could be made to increase the size of the moment applied to the nut.
(2)
Diagram 2 shows the wrench as it is turned through 90ยฐ
(Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/adjustable-spanner-isolated-on-white-chrome-1794553030)
The force is applied over a distance that is equal to a quarter of the circumference of a circle.
The circle has a radius of 15 cm.
Calculate the distance over which the force is applied. [circumference of circle = 2
ฯ
radius]
(2)
Calculate the work done by the force as the wrench is turned through a quarter of the circumference of the circle.
(3)
A student investigates how much infrared radiation is absorbed by different surfaces.
The photograph shows some of the equipment available to the student.
The student pours some water into each bottle.
Describe a method the student could use to investigate how the colour of the bottle affects the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the bottle.
You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(6)
The student plots a graph to show how the temperature of the water in each bottle varies with time.
Draw two curves to show the expected variation in temperature of the black bottle and the silver bottle during the investigation.
Label your curves with the colour of each bottle.
(2)
This question is about electrostatics.
A polythene rod is rubbed with a cloth, which causes both the rod and the cloth to become charged.
Which of these is the force that causes the rod and the cloth to become charged?
(1)
The polythene rod becomes negatively charged.
Which of these statements explains how the rod has become negatively charged?
(1)
A student has rods made from different materials.
The student rubs each rod the same way with a cloth.
The student measures the charge gained by each rod three times.
The table shows the results.
| Material | Charge in nanocoulombs (nC) | |||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | Mean | |
| glass | +35 | +38 | +36 | +36 |
| ebonite | โ168 | โ170 | โ171 | โ170 |
| polythene | โ61 | โ80 | โ59 | |
| acetate | โ20 | โ20 | โ18 | โ19 |
One of the readings for the polythene rod is anomalous.
Circle the anomalous result in the results table.
(1)
State how the student should deal with the anomalous result.
(1)
Calculate the mean charge for the polythene rod.
(2)
Describe how the student could use the rods to demonstrate that there are two different types of electric charge.
(3)
This question is about sound.
State which wave property determines the pitch of a sound.
(1)
The bar chart shows the maximum frequency of sound heard by four animals and
Explain which of the bars is most likely to show the results for a human.
(2)
A sound wave has a frequency of 500 Hz.
Show that the time period of the sound wave is 2.0 ms.
(3)
The diagram shows the screen of an oscilloscope.
The timebase of the oscilloscope is 0.50 ms per square.
Draw the trace on the oscilloscope screen when the sound wave is detected.
(2)
This question is about electromagnets.
Describe the construction of a simple electromagnet that is producing a magnetic field.
You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(3)
A proton moves through a uniform magnetic field produced by a strong electromagnet.
The shaded area in the diagram represents the magnetic field.
The initial velocity, v, of the proton is also shown.
Use the left-hand rule to determine the direction of the force acting on the proton.
(1)
Explain how the force on the proton changes as the proton moves through the magnetic field.
You may add to the diagram to help your answer.
(2)
Suggest why the velocity of the proton changes.
(1)
A hydroelectric power (HEP) station generates electricity from renewable energy resources.
State what is meant by the term renewable energy resource.
(1)
The diagram shows the design of a HEP station.
The turbine is connected to a generator, which generates electricity.
Describe the energy transfers involved in generating electricity in the HEP station.
(4)
The HEP station is located near a large wind farm.
Give one advantage of generating electricity using the HEP station rather than the wind farm.
(1)
Give one disadvantage of generating electricity using the HEP station rather than the wind farm.
(1)
The HEP station has an electric pump that can pump water from the lower lake back to the upper lake.
The pump can be powered using electricity generated by the wind farm.
Explain how the HEP station and wind farm can be used together to maximise the effectiveness of generating electricity.
(3)
The photograph shows a water bath that a technician uses to heat some water.
The water bath is filled with water at an initial temperature of 15
C.
Calculate the initial temperature of the water in kelvin.
(1)
The technician heats the water to a final temperature of 60C.
Describe how the energy of the water molecules changes as the temperature of the water increases.
(2)
The table shows some information about the heating element in the water bath and the heating process.
Calculate the energy transferred by the heating element in the water bath during the heating process.
(3)
Calculate the mass of water being heated.
Assume that all the energy is transferred to the thermal store of the water. [for water, specific heat capacity = 4200 J / kg
C]
(3)
QUESTION CONTINUES ON THE NEXT PAGE
Some water evaporates as a gas from the water bath.
Describe the arrangement of particles in a gas.
(2)
Describe two differences between evaporation and boiling.
(2)
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