Food, water, energy and global inequality

Outline differences between primary and secondary sources of energy.

Figure 9a and Figure 9b are in the insert.

Figure 9a shows the value of iron ore imported by the 15 largest importers in 2021.

Figure 9b shows the value of iron ore exported by the 15 largest exporters in 2021.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 9a and Figure 9b.

Figure 10a and Figure 10b are in the insert.

Figure 10a shows the amount and management of wastewater for countries at different income levels.

Figure 10b shows information from a campaign to promote the importance of greywater management in rural India.

Using Figure 10a, Figure 10b and your own knowledge, assess the challenges in achieving a sustainable water supply.

To what extent will geopolitics become increasingly important in mineral resource security in the future?

‘Impacts of changes to the carbon cycle will cause significant challenges for the management of energy supply and/or energy consumption.’

To what extent do you agree with this statement?

Outline global patterns of water availability.

Figure 9 is in the insert.

Figure 9 shows solar power capacity in world regions in 2021.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 9.

Figures 10a and 10b are in the insert.

Figure 10a shows the Alto Lindoso reservoir and dam in Galicia, Spain.

Figure 10b shows the Damodar River and Durgapur Barrage in Bengal, India.

Using Figure 10a, Figure 10b and your own knowledge, discuss the environmental impacts of major dams and/or barrages.

To what extent is there a link between the physical geography and energy mixes in contrasting areas you have studied?

‘Resources can be considered to be infinite because of increased economic development and associated technological advancements.’

With reference to mineral and/or energy resources, assess the extent to which you agree with this statement.

Outline a strategy used to manage energy consumption.

Figures 9a and 9b are in the insert.

Figure 9a shows the location and amount of economically viable oil reserves at different oil prices in 2016.

Figure 9b shows the average oil price between January 2004 and January 2020.

Analyse the data shown in Figure 9a and Figure 9b.

Figures 10a and 10b are in the insert.

Figure 10a shows information produced by the Canadian government about greenhouse gas emissions and tar sand developments producing oil in Canada.

Figure 10b shows a tar sand oil production area in Alberta, Canada.

Using Figure 10a, Figure 10b and your own knowledge, to what extent do you agree that the environmental impacts of the development of a major energy source such as this are always negative?

To what extent are the geopolitics of mineral ore trade determined by global patterns of consumption?

Assess the relative importance of physical and human factors in creating water conflicts at different scales.

Outline how an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) can be used to encourage sustainable resource development.

Figure 9 shows minerals and the associated geology found in part of north west England.

Key

Carboniferous sedimentary rocks Graphite

Analyse the relationship between mineral mining sites and rock types shown in Figure 9.

Figures 10a and 10b are in the insert.

Figure 10a shows selected gas pipelines and liquefied natural gas terminals in Europe in 2014.

Figure 10b shows gas consumption and the level of dependence on Russian gas in 2014.

Using Figure 10a, Figure 10b and your own knowledge, how far do you agree that geopolitics are important in ensuring energy security in Europe?

Assess the relative importance of climate and geology in the supply of water.

‘The environmental impacts of ore extraction will always be greater than that of water supply schemes.’

With reference to a major ore extraction scheme and a major water supply scheme, assess the extent to which you agree with this statement.

Choose the answer below that would be considered an appropriate strategy to manage water consumption.

A A desalination plant built using EU funding following an Environmental Impact Assessment.

B A government policy to order water companies to fit compulsory meters to all homes.

C A water transfer scheme to move water from areas of water surplus to areas of water deficit.

D Water below the ground stored in aquifers to be pumped to the surface when it falls below the water table.

Which of the following defines the concept of a resource frontier?

A The boundary surrounding a resource, beyond which the resource is not located.

B An area on the periphery of a country, where resources are produced for the first time, frequently found in locations that are difficult to exploit.

C The point after which new discoveries of a resource decline as production has already exploited the most accessible resources.

D Undiscovered resources that may occur in known geological settings where no previous discoveries have been made.

Which of the following has the correct examples of primary and secondary sources of energy in the correct columns?

Primary energy
Secondary energy

A A water wheel powered by a Releasing radiation from river used to drive machinery in uranium to convert water to a factory.
steam for electricity powering a town.

B Burning coal and wood in a Gas transfer by pipeline to multi-fuel stove for heat in the power a gas cooker in the home. home.

C Production of petrol from crude Conversion of biogas from oil to drive cars.
organic decomposition of animal waste.

D Electricity generated from an Geothermal power heating HEP scheme used to power a ground water supplies directly field centre.
into the home.

Choose the best definition of the virtual water trade from the list below.

A The movement of water from one country to another via a pipeline in order to produce goods designed for export.

B The agreement between two or more countries involved in manufacturing and the subsequent trade in desalinisation plants.

C The hidden water volume involved in the full production process of a product destined for export.

D The source of the water used in the import and export of goods such as agricultural products.

Figures 9a, 9b and 9c are in the insert.

Figure 9a shows the world’s top ten coal producing countries in 2015. Figure 9b shows coal consumption in the top ten coal consuming countries and the rest of the world in 2015. Figure 9c shows a Spearman’s rank calculation used to study whether there is a relationship between production and consumption of coal in the countries shown in Figure 9a.

Analyse the data shown in Figures 9a, 9b and 9c.

Figures 10a, 10b and 10c are in the insert.

Figure 10a shows the renewable and nuclear energy mix of selected European countries in 2012. Figure 10b is a relief map of Europe. Figure 10c shows average annual precipitation.

Using Figures 10a, 10b, 10c and your own knowledge, assess the relationship between energy supply and physical geography.

To what extent are water conflicts the result of globalisation?

‘Increasing demand for energy and/or mineral ores is inevitably leading to an increase in the importance of geopolitics.’

To what extent do you agree with this statement?