AQA GCSE Biology Paper 2 Foundation June 2022 question paper 8461/2F

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare inherited human condition. The allele for MSUD is recessive.

What is a recessive allele? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 1 shows the inheritance of MSUD in one family.

The symbol is not in the key for Figure 1. What would this symbol represent?

Persons 1 and 2 in Figure 1 have a child with MSUD and some children

without MSUD.

Complete Figure 2 to show the possible genotypes of the children. Use the following symbols: N = allele for not having MSUD n = allele for MSUD

What is the phenotype of a person with the genotype Nn ?

What percentage of the offspring in Figure 2 will have MSUD? Tick (✓) one box.

Which scientific term describes the allele N ? Tick (✓) one box.

Alleles are found in the nucleus of a cell. What chemical substance are alleles made from?

People with MSUD must eat a special diet to reduce their intake of some types of amino acid. Which component of the diet is made of amino acids? Tick (✓) one box.

Many human actions are reflexes.

Which statement describes a reflex action? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 3 shows the nerve pathway for a reflex action. The arrows show the direction of the nerve impulse.

Draw one line from each part of the nerve pathway to the name of that part. Use Figure 3.

Part of nerve pathway Name of part

Which two human actions are reflexes? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Students investigated their reaction times using a computer program.

Figure 4 shows a sequence of two screens in the computer program.

This is the method used.

1. Open the reaction time program.

2. When the screen turns from red to green, touch the screen as quickly as possible.

3. Record the reaction time shown on the screen.

4. Re-set to the red screen.

5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 four more times.

6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 for each student.

Table 1 shows the results.

Calculate mean value X in Table 1.

There is an anomalous result for student R. Draw a ring around the anomalous result in Table 1.

Give two factors that might affect a person’s reaction time.

A plant shoot responds to the stimulus of light shining on it from one side.

What name is given to the type of response shown by the plant shoot? Tick (✓) one box.

A student investigated the effect of one-sided light on the growth of plant seedlings. Figure 5 shows how the student set up the investigation.

Why did the student set up experiment 2 in this investigation?

The student wanted to make the investigation of the effect of one-sided light more valid. The student decided to set up a third experiment. How should the student set up the third experiment? Tick (✓) one box.

What is a suitable control variable for the investigation? Tick (✓) one box.

Give one stimulus a plant root responds to. Do not refer to light in your answer.

Scientists often repeat investigations several times. Give two reasons why.

Rivers are sometimes polluted with untreated sewage. Figure 6 shows some changes that occurred when untreated sewage entered a river.

Which type of organism had the most rapid increase in numbers when sewage entered the river? Tick (✓) one box.

Protozoa are single-celled organisms. Describe two ways Figure 6 shows that the protozoa in the river feed on bacteria.

When sewage enters a river, the concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases. The decrease in oxygen concentration is caused by organisms in the water. What process in living organisms uses oxygen?

As the numbers of green algae in the river increase, the concentration of dissolved oxygen increases. Explain why the concentration of dissolved oxygen increases.

Scientists counted the numbers of five different animals in the river at sites A and B,

shown in Figure 6 on page 14. Table 2 shows the results.

Figure 7 shows some of the data from Table 2.

Complete Figure 7. You should use data from Table 2 for the sludge worm and the bloodworm.

The concentration of oxygen in the water at site A is much lower than at site B.

• Sludge worms live in places which have a low concentration of oxygen.

• Mayfly nymphs need a high concentration of oxygen.

Give evidence from Table 2 for the difference in oxygen concentration at sites A and B. Refer to sludge worms and to mayfly nymphs in your answer.

In the human female, an egg is released from one of the ovaries about once every four weeks. During the four weeks, the lining of the uterus thickens and then breaks down. This is called the menstrual cycle.

Which two hormones are female reproductive hormones? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is another female reproductive hormone. What is the function of FSH in the menstrual cycle? Tick (✓) one box.

Sperm cells can survive inside a woman’s reproductive organs for five days. An egg cell can survive for one day after ovulation. In one woman ovulation occurred on day 14. Give the range of days on which sexual intercourse could result in fertilisation.

If a man and a woman have sexual intercourse and do not want to produce a baby, they may use contraception. Explain how different methods of contraception prevent pregnancy.

The echidna is a mammal that lives in Australia. Figure 8 shows an echidna.

Figure 9 shows how the body temperature of the echidna varies during the cold winter months.

Give the lowest and highest body temperatures for the echidna shown in Figure 9.

In the cold winter months, the echidna hibernates. Figure 9 shows that the echidna woke up from hibernation several times. The echidna’s body temperature increased to over 30 C each time the echidna woke up.

How many times did the echidna wake up? Use information from Figure 9.

Each time the echidna wakes up, it hunts for food. Suggest why the echidna needs to eat food several times during hibernation.

During hibernation:

• the echidna sleeps

• the echidna’s body temperature decreases to below 5 °C

• the echidna uses food stored in its body cells to provide energy.

What process releases energy from stored food? Tick (✓) one box.

Most mammals use a lot of energy to evaporate sweat. The echidna does not sweat. Suggest one use of energy in the echidna’s body.

The control of body temperature is important in the human body. An athlete trained in a hot climate.

On one day, the athlete lost 3 200 cm³ of water in sweat. Evaporation of 1 cm³ of sweat requires 2.5 kJ of energy. Calculate the energy the athlete used for evaporation of sweat.

On a different day the athlete used 6 000 kJ of energy to evaporate sweat. The athlete’s energy intake was 24 000 kJ. Calculate the percentage of the athlete’s energy intake used for evaporation of sweat.

Some days the athlete did not do any training and rested at home. What effect would resting have on the volume of sweat produced each day?

Living organisms can be classified into groups. Trilobites are animals that lived in the sea 400 to 500 million years ago. Table 3 gives the classification of two species of trilobite.

Complete Table 3. Choose answers from the box.

Which scientist invented the classification system given in Table 3 ? Tick (✓) one box.

What is the binomial name of trilobite A ? Use information from Table 3. Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 10 shows fossils of the two species of trilobite.

Figure 11 shows:

• layers of rock in a cliff

• where the trilobite fossils were found.

A scientist made the hypothesis: ‘Trilobite B may have evolved from trilobite A.’

What two pieces of evidence from Figure 10 and Figure 11 support the scientist’s hypothesis? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Trilobites are animals that lived in the sea. Complete the sentences about how the fossils of trilobites A and B were formed. Choose answers from the box.

The animal dies and falls to the sea bed.

The of the animal decay.

Trilobites A and B are now extinct. Give three possible causes of extinction.

Suggest one reason why scientists cannot be sure what caused the trilobites to become extinct.

There are two types of reproduction:

• sexual reproduction

• asexual reproduction.

Complete Table 4 to compare sexual reproduction with asexual reproduction.

The first row has been completed for you.

Gametes are formed in sexual reproduction. Name the male gamete formed in flowering plants.

Cell division by meiosis forms gametes. Figure 12 shows the mean mass of DNA per cell before, during and after meiosis.

Use information from Figure 12 to answer questions 08.3 to 08.6.

When is the DNA in the chromosomes being copied? Tick (✓) one box.

Cells divide twice during meiosis. Which two times in Figure 12 show one cell dividing into two cells? Tick (✓) two boxes.

What is the mean mass of DNA in arbitrary units in a sperm cell? Tick (✓) one box.

What is the mean mass of DNA in arbitrary units in each cell in an embryo? Tick (✓) one box.

Earthworms:

• live in soil

• feed on dead and decaying plant matter

• have soft, moist skin

• exchange gases through their skin.

Give two abiotic factors and two biotic factors that could affect the size of an earthworm population. Abiotic factors

Biotic factors

Students investigated the populations of earthworms in the soil in two different areas:

• Area A: a grass lawn

• Area B: a farmer’s field.

Chemical X can be mixed with water and poured onto the soil. The mixture brings earthworms to the surface of the soil but does not harm the earthworms. Plan an investigation using chemical X to compare the number of earthworms per m² in areas A and B.

It is important to control the concentration of glucose in the blood. Figure 13 shows how the concentration of glucose in the blood of a person changed over 4 hours.

Give one time when the concentration of insulin in the person’s blood would be high. Use Figure 13.

Explain the effect a high concentration of insulin has on blood glucose concentration.

People with diabetes have difficulty controlling the concentration of glucose in

their blood. Type 2 diabetes is linked to obesity. Figure 14 shows how to find if an adult’s body mass is healthy for their height.

Person A:

• is 1.75 m in height

• has a body mass of 52 kg.

What is person A ’s weight category? Tick (✓) one box.

Person B is 1.9 m in height. Give the range of body masses that would put person B in the healthy weight category.

Person C is obese. A doctor thinks that person C has Type 2 diabetes. The doctor tests a sample of blood from person C. Table 5 shows:

• the results of the blood test

• the mean results for people who do not have diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes occurs when body cells have a reduced response to insulin. Give two ways the results of the blood test show that person C might have Type 2 diabetes.

Give two ways that a person can reduce the chance of developing Type 2 diabetes.