AQA GCSE Biology Paper 1 Foundation June 2022 question paper 8461/1F

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a pathogen.

How is HIV spread from one person to another person?

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Table 1 shows information about new cases of HIV diagnosed in the UK.

Describe what happened to the number of new cases of HIV from 2010 to 2018.

What could cause a decrease in the number of new HIV cases in the future?

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Scientists have been working to produce a vaccine for HIV for many years.

How could a vaccine work to prevent a person being infected with HIV?

Write the stages A, B, C, D and E in the correct order.

The first stage has been completed for you.

A Antibodies attach to the inactive virus.

B Antibodies destroy the inactive virus.

C An inactive form of the virus is injected into the body.

D If the active virus enters the body, antibodies are produced quickly.

E White blood cells produce antibodies to the inactive virus.

When scientists produce a vaccine for a disease the vaccine is tested on live animals.

What is the next stage in testing the vaccine?

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A vaccine for HIV is important because it is difficult to develop safe drugs to destroy viruses.

Why is it difficult to develop safe drugs to destroy viruses?

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Some drugs originated from plants.

Draw one line from each drug to the plant the drug originated from.

Figure 1 shows animal cells.

Some of the cells are dividing by mitosis for growth and repair.

What fraction of the cells in Figure 1 is dividing by mitosis?

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The cells which are not dividing in Figure 1 each contain 10 chromosomes.

One of these cells divides by mitosis to produce two new cells.

How many chromosomes will each new cell contain after mitosis?

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Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.

Complete the sentences.

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After the chromosomes have been pulled to each end of the cell, the

Figure 2 shows the time taken to complete different stages of the cell cycle.

Which stage of the cell cycle takes the most time?

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What percentage of time in the cell cycle is stage A ?

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Stem cells divide by mitosis.

Scientists can use stem cells from an embryo to create heart cells in a laboratory.

Which organ system contains heart cells?

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Name one medical condition that could be treated using heart cells created from an embryo.

Give one reason why a patient may not want to be treated with heart cells created from an embryo.

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A scientist investigated the rate of photosynthesis of one type of tomato plant.

The tomato plants were grown in a greenhouse.

Table 2 shows the results.

Give two control variables the scientist should have used in the investigation.

Which range of carbon dioxide concentrations caused the rate of photosynthesis to change the most?

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How could the scientist have improved the validity of the results?

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Explain the change in the rate of photosynthesis when the concentration of carbon dioxide increased between 0.00% to 0.08%.

A farmer decided not to use a concentration of carbon dioxide higher than 0.08% to grow tomato plants.

Suggest two reasons for the farmer’s decision.

Use information from Table 2 and your own knowledge.

Figure 3 shows a microscope.

Draw one line from each part of the microscope to the function of the part.

Part of the

A student prepared some onion cells.

The student viewed the onion cells using a microscope.

This is the method used.

1. Cut an onion into pieces using a sharp knife.

2. Peel off a thin layer of cells from one piece.

3. Place the layer of cells onto a microscope slide.

4. Add three drops of iodine solution to the layer of cells.

5. Cover with a cover slip.

6. Place the slide on the stage of the microscope.

Why was iodine solution added to the layer of onion cells?

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Why was a thin layer of onion cells used?

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The student was worried about using a sharp knife to cut the onion.

The student wrote a risk assessment for using a knife.

Draw one line from each part of the risk assessment to the description of the part.

Part of risk assessment
Description

Figure 4 shows what the student saw using the microscope at a magnification of ×400.

Line A – B in Figure 4 shows the length of cell Z.

Calculate the real length of cell Z.

Complete the following steps.

Measure the length of line A – B in millimetres (mm).

Give your measurement of the length of line A – B in micrometres (µm).

1 mm = 1 000 µm

Calculate the real length of cell Z.

Use the equation:

How would onion cells look different if they were seen using an electron microscope?

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Figure 4 is repeated below.

Figure 5 shows the student’s drawing of Figure 4.

What two improvements could the student make to the drawing in Figure 5 ?

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Plants take up water from the soil through their roots.

Some of the water is used for photosynthesis.

Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.

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Water and dissolved substances are transported through a plant.

Complete the sentences.

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Water moves from the roots to the leaves in the

Water is lost from leaves through pores called

Dissolved sugars are transported in the.

Table 3 shows the rate of transpiration in four different plant species.

Calculate how many times greater the rate of transpiration of species A is than the rate of transpiration of species B.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Which factor could cause species A to have a higher rate of transpiration than species B ?

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Which environmental change would cause an increase in the rate of transpiration?

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Which plant species in Table 3 is most likely to live in a dry desert?

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Some plants have adaptations that help them survive.

Figure 6 shows part of a gorse plant.

How will the sharp spines help the gorse plant survive?

Animals also have adaptations to help them survive.

Figure 7 shows two insects.

Hornets are insects that sting other animals and cause pain.

Hornet moths do not sting other animals.

Explain why animals avoid eating the hornet moth.

Table 4 shows information about four jellyfish.

The jellyfish are listed in order of increasing size.

Calculate value X in Table 4.

Describe the relationship between the size of a jellyfish and its surface area to volume ratio.

Use Table 4.

The jellyfish in Table 4 take oxygen into their cells by diffusion.

Name one other substance that enters cells by diffusion.

Do not refer to oxygen in your answer.

Suggest two factors that affect the rate of diffusion of oxygen into a jellyfish.

Some organisms take in oxygen using a respiratory system.

In humans, gas exchange takes place in the lungs.

Name the organs where gas exchange takes place in fish.

Figure 8 shows parts of the human breathing system.

Explain how the human breathing system is adapted to maximise the rate of gas exchange.

This question is about cells and transport.

Complete Table 5.

Cells in potatoes are plant cells.

Cells in potatoes do not contain chloroplasts.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Name one type of cell in a potato plant that does not contain chloroplasts.

A student investigated the effect of salt concentration on pieces of potato.

This is the method used.

1. Cut three pieces of potato of the same size.

2. Record the mass of each potato piece.

3. Add 150 cm³ of 0.4 mol/dm³ salt solution to a beaker.

4. Place each potato piece into the beaker.

5. After 30 minutes, remove each potato piece and dry the surface with a paper towel.

6. Record the mass of each potato piece.

7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 using different concentrations of salt solution.

What is the independent variable in the investigation?

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Why did the student dry the surface of each potato piece with a paper towel in step 5 ?

The student calculated the percentage change in mass of each potato piece.

For one potato piece:

• the starting mass was 2.5 g

• the end mass was 2.7 g.

Calculate the percentage increase in mass of the potato piece.

Use the equation:

The student used the results from each potato piece to calculate the mean percentage change in mass at each concentration.

Table 6 shows the results.

Complete Figure 9.

You should:

• label the x-axis

• use a suitable scale for the x-axis

• plot the data from Table 6

• draw a line of best fit.

What concentration of salt solution was equal to the concentration of the solution inside the potato pieces?

Use Figure 9.

Explain why the potato pieces in the 0.4 mol/dm³ salt solution decreased in mass.

Plant cells and fungal cells are similar in structure.

Figure 10 shows a fungal cell.

Name one structure in Figure 10 which is present in both plant cells and fungal cells but not in animal cells.

Which disease is caused by a fungus?

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A fungal cell divides once every 90 minutes.

How many times would this fungal cell divide in 24 hours?

Some types of fungal cell are grown to produce high-protein food.

The high-protein food can be used to make meat-free burgers.

Where is protein digested in the human digestive system?

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Which chemical could be used to test if the burgers contain protein?

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Table 7 shows some information about burgers made from meat and meat-free burgers.

Evaluate the use of burgers made from meat compared with meat-free burgers in providing humans with a healthy, balanced diet.

Use information from Table 7 and your own knowledge.