Transport in plants

Plants are made of different tissues.

Which term describes a group of tissues working together?

Tick () one box.

Figure 1 shows the tissues in a leaf.

Draw one line from each leaf tissue to an important feature of the tissue.

Leaf tissue Feature

Xylem tissue transports water to the leaves.

Which term describes the loss of water from the leaves?

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Which substance strengthens xylem tissue?

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Figure 1 is repeated below.

The upper epidermis is transparent.

Explain why the upper epidermis needs to be transparent.

Use Figure 1.

Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

The opening and closing of the pores in the lower epidermis is controlled

Figure 2 shows two cells from phloem tissue.

Figure 2

Figure 2 cannot be reproduced here due to third-party copyright restrictions.

It is a photograph showing two cells from phloem tissue from page numbers 111-120 of the following publication:

Cytochemical Localization of Adenosine Triphosphatase in the Phloem of Pisum sativum and its Relation to the Function of Transfer Cells, Planta Vol. 2 by B J Bentwood and J Cronshaw

Part A in Figure 2 contains cell sap.

Name part A in Figure 2.

Sugars move from cell Y into cell X against the concentration gradient.

Energy is needed to move sugars against the concentration gradient.

Which process moves sugars against the concentration gradient?

Tick () one box.

Which cell structures are needed to provide energy to move sugars?

Tick () one box.

Plants contain many different tissues.

Complete the sentences.

The leaf tissue that contains the most chloroplasts is

the.

The leaf tissue that contains many air spaces is

the.

The plant tissue that can differentiate throughout the life of the plant is

the.

Xylem tissue transports water through a plant.

The walls of xylem cells contain cellulose.

Name one other substance that strengthens xylem tissue.

Phloem tissue transports dissolved sugars around a plant.

Name the process that transports dissolved sugars around a plant.

Figure 3 shows two plant cells.

Figure 3

Figure 3 cannot be reproduced here due to third-party copyright restrictions.

It is a photograph showing two cells from phloem tissue from page numbers 111-120 of the following publication:

Cytochemical Localization of Adenosine Triphosphatase in the Phloem of Pisum sativum and its Relation to the Function of Transfer Cells, Planta Vol. 2 by B J Bentwood and J Cronshaw

Name part Y in Figure 3.

The phloem tissue transports sugars to other parts of the plant.

The concentration of dissolved sugars in the phloem cell in Figure 3 is higher than in cell X.

Explain how sub-cellular structures help to move dissolved sugars from cell X into the

New phloem cells form when unspecialised plant cells differentiate and become specialised.

Describe one change in structure that occurs when an unspecialised cell differentiates to form a phloem cell.

Use Figure 3.

Plants take up water from the soil through their roots.

Some of the water is used for photosynthesis.

Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.

Choose answers from the box.

Water and dissolved substances are transported through a plant.

Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

Water moves from the roots to the leaves in the

Water is lost from leaves through pores called

Dissolved sugars are transported in the.

Table 3 shows the rate of transpiration in four different plant species.

Calculate how many times greater the rate of transpiration of species A is than the rate of transpiration of species B.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Which factor could cause species A to have a higher rate of transpiration than species B ?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which environmental change would cause an increase in the rate of transpiration?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which plant species in Table 3 is most likely to live in a dry desert?

Tick (✓) one box.

Some plants have adaptations that help them survive.

Figure 6 shows part of a gorse plant.

How will the sharp spines help the gorse plant survive?

Animals also have adaptations to help them survive.

Figure 7 shows two insects.

Hornets are insects that sting other animals and cause pain.

Hornet moths do not sting other animals.

Explain why animals avoid eating the hornet moth.

Plants and animals have many defence responses.

Table 5 shows some plant defences. Identify whether each defence is a chemical response or a physical response. Tick (✓) one box in each row.

Mimicry is a mechanical adaptation seen in both plants and animals.

Figure 5 shows two insects.

Hornets are insects that sting other animals and cause pain. Hornet moths do not sting other animals. Suggest how mimicry helps the hornet moth survive.

Adult hornet moths lay eggs that hatch into larvae.

Figure 6 shows the larvae of a hornet moth.

The larvae of the hornet moth:

• live inside the roots of trees

• use the tree roots as a source of food

• cause damage to the tree roots.

Explain why a tree might die if the roots of the tree are damaged.

The larvae of the hornet moth form when fertilised eggs divide by mitosis. Describe how mitosis produces two genetically identical cells.

The cells which are first formed from the fertilised eggs of the hornet moth are stem cells. Name the process by which these stem cells then form specialised cells.

Water and carbon dioxide are exchanged between leaves and the atmosphere through pores called stomata.

Name the cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata.

Water moves through a plant in the transpiration stream.

Describe two differences between the transpiration stream and translocation.

Which environmental conditions would cause the rate of transpiration to be greatest in a plant? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 7 shows information about the mean width of the stomata in a plant.

The changes in the mean width of the stomata in normal conditions are an advantage to the plant. Explain how.

The changes in the mean width of the stomata in low atmospheric carbon dioxide are different from the changes in normal conditions. Explain how the difference helps the plant to survive in low atmospheric carbon dioxide.

This question is about cells.

Which diagram shows oxygen moving by diffusion? Tick (✓) one box.

Complete the sentences. Choose answers from the box.

Plant cells absorb substances from the soil.

Plant cells use active transport to absorb Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient and

Figure 1 shows a specialised cell that absorbs substances from the soil.

Name the type of specialised cell in Figure 1.

Describe how the cell in Figure 1 is adapted to increase the absorption of substances from the soil.

A sperm cell is another specialised cell.

Figure 2 shows a sperm cell.

Draw one line from each feature to how the feature helps the sperm cell carry out its function. Feature of sperm cell How the feature helps

Figure 3 shows another specialised cell.

Name the type of cell in Figure 3. Describe one feature of the cell that helps it to carry out its function. Name of the cell Feature of the cell

A cactus is a plant that lives in a dry environment. Figure 6 shows part of a cactus plant.

Give one adaptation shown in Figure 6 that helps to prevent the cactus from being eaten by animals.

A plant may produce poisons that make animals unwell. What is this type of defence mechanism?

Tick (✓) one box.

Some desert plants only grow leaves after it has rained. As soon as the soil dries out, the leaves fall off. How could the leaves falling off the plant be an advantage to a plant that lives in a dry environment? Tick (✓) one box.

The stem of a cactus is green.

What causes the green colour in the stem?

What is the advantage to the cactus of having a green stem?

The stem of a cactus contains many different tissues.

What name is given to a group of tissues working together? Tick (✓) one box.

Name one substance transported through the xylem in the stem of the cactus.

Name the tissue that transports dissolved sugars through the stem of the cactus.

Figure 9 shows a cross section of a leaf.

Which cell is most transparent?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which cell structure in a leaf mesophyll cell is not found in a root hair cell?

Plants lose water through their leaves.

Name the cells in a leaf that control the rate of water loss.

Water is taken in by the roots, transported up the plant and lost from the leaves.

Which scientific term describes this movement of water?

Which change would decrease the rate of water loss from a plant’s leaves?

Tick (✓) one box.

Compare the structure and function of xylem tissue and phloem tissue.

Figure 10 shows the total volume of water lost from a plant over 6 hours.

Determine the rate of water loss at 12:00

Use the tangent on Figure 10.

Give your answer:

• in cm³ per minute

• in standard form.

Rate of water loss = cm³ per minute

The rate of water loss at midnight was much lower than at 12:00

Explain why.

Diffusion is an important process in animals and plants.

What is meant by the term diffusion?

Figure 11 shows part of a leaf.

Molecules of carbon dioxide diffuse from the air into the mesophyll cells. Which two changes will increase the rate at which carbon dioxide diffuses into the mesophyll cells? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Diffusion also happens in the human lungs. Figure 12 shows the human breathing system.

Explain how the human lungs are adapted for efficient exchange of gases by diffusion.

Figure 13 shows a root hair cell.

Name the process by which water molecules enter the root hair cell.

Nitrate ions need a different method of transport into the root hair cell. Explain how the nitrate ions in Figure 13 are transported into the root hair cell. Use information from Figure 13 in your answer.

This question is about leaves.

Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

The layer of cells lining the upper surface and lower surface of a

leaf is the.

The part of the leaf where most photosynthesis occurs

is the.

Water is transported to the leaf in the

Water is lost through small openings on the lower surface of plant leaves.

These small openings are called stomata.

Figure 5 shows two stomata on the lower surface of a leaf.

The cells labelled X control the width of the stomata.

What are the cells labelled X ?

Tick (✓) one box.

What is the function of the stomata?

Tick (✓) one box.

How is water lost from a leaf?

Tick (✓) one box.

A student investigated the volume of water lost from two plants.

The plants were different species.

Figure 6 shows the student’s results.

Calculate the difference in the volume of water lost by plant A compared to plant B in the first hour.

What could cause plant A to lose water at a faster rate than plant B ?

Tick (✓) one box.

After the first 2 hours, both plants were moved to a new room.

Suggest one reason why both plants lost water at a faster rate in the new room.

Some plants have adaptations to stop them from being eaten by animals.

Figure 7 shows part of a holly plant.

Describe one way the holly plant is adapted to stop it being eaten by animals.

Water moves from a plant to the atmosphere through the leaves.

How is the volume of water lost from the leaves controlled?

Describe the transport of water through a plant from the roots to the atmosphere.

A student investigated the volume of water lost from two plants of different species.

Both plants were kept together.

Figure 5 shows the student’s results.

Suggest one reason for the difference in the rate of water loss from the two plants in the first 2.5 hours.

Both plants were moved to a different place at 2.5 hours.

Calculate the rate of water loss per hour in plant B from 2.5 hours to 3 hours.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Suggest two reasons why the rate of water loss in both plants changed after 2.5 hours.

Aphids are small insects that carry pathogens.

Figure 7 shows an aphid feeding from a plant stem.

An aphid feeds by inserting its sharp mouthpiece into the stem of a plant.

After feeding, the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high concentration of dissolved sugars.

Which part of the plant was the aphid feeding from?

Tick one box.

What is the process that transports dissolved sugars around a plant?

Plants infected with aphids have stunted growth.

Explain one way the removal of dissolved sugars from the stem of the plant causes stunted growth.

Most aphids do not have wings when they hatch. After several generations, some aphids hatch which have wings and can fly.

Explain the advantage to the aphid of being able to fly.

The leaves of some plants release oils onto their surface.

Suggest how the production of oil on the surface of a leaf may protect the plant from aphids.

Figure 8 shows part of a rose plant.

Give one adaptation shown in Figure 8 that helps the rose plant defend itself.

Figure 9 shows a plan of a garden containing rose plants.

Plant A has the fungal disease rose black spot.

Which plant in Figure 9 is the fungus likely to spread to first?

Give a reason for your answer.

Suggest one way the gardener could reduce the spread of rose black spot to the other plants in the garden.

Plants can be infected by fungi, viruses and insects.

Aphids are small insects that carry pathogens.

Figure 6 shows an aphid feeding from a plant stem.

An aphid feeds by inserting its sharp mouthpiece into the stem of a plant.

Give the reason why the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high concentration of dissolved sugars after feeding.

Plants infected with aphids may show symptoms of magnesium deficiency.

Magnesium deficiency symptoms include:

• yellow leaves

• stunted growth.

Explain how a deficiency of magnesium could cause these symptoms.

A farmer thinks a potato crop is infected with potato virus Y (PVY).

The farmer obtains a monoclonal antibody test kit for PVY.

To make the monoclonal antibodies a scientist first isolates the PVY protein from the virus.

Describe how the scientist would use the protein to produce the PVY monoclonal antibody.