AQA GCSE Biology Paper 1 Foundation November 2020 question paper 8461/1F

This question is about cells.

Figure 1 shows a cell.

What type of cell is shown in Figure 1 ? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 2 shows an algal cell.

What is the function of the cell wall? Tick (✓) one box.

The algal cell is green. Which part of the algal cell makes it green in colour? Tick (✓) one box.

Cells contain sub-cellular structures. Draw one line from each structure to its function.

A student prepared a microscope slide of cheek cells.

The student looked at one cell using a microscope. Figure 3 shows the image the student saw.

What should the student do to get a clear image? Tick (✓) one box.

The student then obtained a clear image.

Figure 4 shows the clear image.

Measure the length of the nucleus (A) and the length of the cell (B) in millimetres (mm).

How many times longer is the cell (B) than the nucleus (A)?

The student looked at another cell. The image width of the cell was 40 mm The real width of the cell was 0.1 mm Calculate the magnification of the cell. Use the equation:

Magnification = × 12

This question is about cell division.

Which process makes two identical new body cells for growth and repair? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 5 shows the three stages of a cell cycle.

Draw one line from each stage of the cell cycle to what happens during that stage. Stage of cell cycle What happens during that stage

What percentage of the total time for the cell cycle is taken by stage 1?

A cell divides to form two new cells every 24 hours. How many days will it take for the original cell to divide into 8 cells? Tick (✓) one box.

The chromosomes contain the genetic material. Name the chemical which the genetic material is made from.

The genetic material is made of many small sections. Each section codes for a specific protein. What is one section of genetic material on a chromosome called? Tick (✓) one box.

Stem cells are cells which have not yet been specialised to carry out a particular job. Bone marrow cells are one example of stem cells. Explain how a transplant of bone marrow cells can help to treat medical conditions.

The human body can defend itself against microorganisms that cause disease. Viruses are one type of microorganism that cause disease.

Name one type of microorganism that causes disease in humans. Do not refer to viruses in your answer.

Which two defence systems prevent microorganisms infecting the human body? Tick (✓) two boxes.

If microorganisms enter the human body the immune system can destroy the microorganisms. How does the immune system destroy microorganisms? Tick (✓) one box.

Vaccinations prevent people becoming ill with diseases such as measles. Complete the sentences. Choose answers from the box.

If the measles virus enters the body after vaccination the immune system reaction

How is the measles virus spread from one person to another?

Doctors investigated the spread of the virus that causes chickenpox.

The first symptom of chickenpox after exposure to the virus is spots on the body. 23 children were playing together at a party. On the day of the party one of the children developed chickenpox spots. Every two days after the party, the doctors recorded when the other 22 children first showed chickenpox spots. Table 1 shows the results.

What was the range for the days on which children first showed chickenpox spots? Use Table 1.

Incubation time is the usual time from exposure to a pathogen until the first symptoms appear. Suggest the most likely incubation time for chickenpox.

Suggest one reason why some of the children did not develop chickenpox.

One mother gave antibiotics to her child who had chickenpox. Suggest why this child did not recover more quickly than the other children who had chickenpox.

A 45-year-old man exercised on a rowing machine for six minutes. A fitness monitor recorded his heart rate and breathing rate every minute. Figure 6 shows the results.

Describe the trend for breathing rate shown in Figure 6. Use data from Figure 6 in your answer.

The safe maximum heart rate for a person exercising can be calculated using the equation: safe maximum heart rate = 220 – age in years Calculate the safe maximum heart rate for the man.

What is the man’s maximum heart rate? Use Figure 6.

The man concluded that he was exercising at a safe heart rate. Give the reason for his conclusion. Use your answers from Question 04.2 and Question 04.3

Explain the ways the man’s body has responded to the exercise. Use information from Figure 6 on page 16.

Figure 7 shows part of a deadly nightshade plant.

How will the poisonous berries help the deadly nightshade plant to survive?

Which type of defence mechanism are the berries? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 8 shows part of a gorse plant.

Suggest how the gorse plant is adapted to defend itself.

The green leaves of the gorse plant make glucose for the plant to use. What are two uses of glucose in the gorse plant? Tick (✓) two boxes.

A student wanted to show that the leaves of a gorse plant contain glucose. The student crushed the leaves to extract the liquid from the cells. Describe the method the student could use to test the liquid from the cells for glucose. Include the result if glucose is present.

The roots of the gorse plant have bacteria that turn nitrogen gas into nitrate ions. Explain why nitrate ions are needed by the gorse plant.

The roots of gorse plants can be infected by honey fungus. The honey fungus produces tiny spores underground. Suggest how the honey fungus spores travel from the roots of an infected gorse plant to the roots of a healthy gorse plant.

A drug can be extracted from gorse seeds.

Doctors want to trial the drug from gorse seeds to see if it can treat diarrhoea.

Which two factors must the doctors test the drug for in the trial? Tick (✓) two boxes.

In the trial some patients will take tablets made from gorse seeds and some patients will take tablets made from sugar. What are the tablets made from sugar called? Tick (✓) one box.

Blood is transported around the body in blood vessels.

Draw one line from each type of blood vessel to the structure of the blood vessel.

Explain how the structure of an artery is related to its function.

Figure 9 shows blood viewed through a microscope.

Name A and B in Figure 9.

A red blood cell:

• has no nucleus

• contains a red pigment called haemoglobin.

Suggest how these adaptations help the red blood cell carry out its function.

The blood components are carried around the body in the liquid part of the blood. What is the liquid part of the blood called? Tick (✓) one box.

Table 2 shows the results of a man’s blood test.

Which component of the man’s blood is not within the normal range?

Suggest a symptom the man might show.

This question is about photosynthesis.

Complete the word equation for photosynthesis.

Describe how energy for the photosynthesis reaction is gained by plants.

Students investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis. The students shone light from a lamp onto pondweed and measured the volume of oxygen produced per hour. Table 3 shows the results.

Calculate mean value X.

The students identified one anomalous result in Table 3.

Draw a ring around the anomalous result in Table 3.

Suggest one possible cause of the anomalous result.

How did the students deal with the anomalous result?

Give one factor the students should have kept constant in this investigation.

Table 3 is repeated below.

Why did the rate of photosynthesis decrease from 35 °C to 45 °C?

Complete Figure 10 using data from Table 3. You should:

• label the y-axis

• use a suitable scale for the y-axis

• plot the mean data from Table 3 for temperatures from 25 °C to 45 °C

• draw a line of best fit.

Diffusion is an important process in animals and plants.

What is meant by the term diffusion?

Figure 11 shows part of a leaf.

Molecules of carbon dioxide diffuse from the air into the mesophyll cells. Which two changes will increase the rate at which carbon dioxide diffuses into the mesophyll cells? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Diffusion also happens in the human lungs. Figure 12 shows the human breathing system.

Explain how the human lungs are adapted for efficient exchange of gases by diffusion.

Figure 13 shows a root hair cell.

Name the process by which water molecules enter the root hair cell.

Nitrate ions need a different method of transport into the root hair cell. Explain how the nitrate ions in Figure 13 are transported into the root hair cell. Use information from Figure 13 in your answer.