The heart & circulation

Blood contains different types of cell.

Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

White blood cells defend the body against

Some white blood cells release chemicals that neutralise toxins. These chemicals

Figure 3 shows a white blood cell.

The image of the white blood cell in Figure 3 is magnified 4000 times.

Calculate the real width of the white blood cell.

Complete the following steps.

Measure width W in millimetres (mm).

Convert your measurement to micrometres (µm).

1 millimetre (mm) = 1000 micrometres (µm).

Calculate the real width of the white blood cell.

Use the equation:

Table 3 shows information about different types of blood vessel.

The width of a red blood cell is 8 µm.

Figure 4 shows red blood cells in one type of blood vessel.

Which type of blood vessel is shown in Figure 4 ?

Use Table 3.

Tick () one box.

Explain why arteries need to have thick walls.

Use Table 3.

Coronary arteries in the heart can become narrowed.

What happens inside coronary arteries to cause them to become narrowed?

Explain why narrowed coronary arteries can be dangerous.

Treatments are available for some cardiovascular diseases.

Draw one line from each cardiovascular disease to a treatment for the disease.

Why is coronary heart disease described as a ‘non-communicable disease’?

Plants and animals have adaptations that help them survive.

A stingray is an animal that lives in the sea. Seagrass is a plant that grows on the sea floor.

Figure 8 shows a stingray swimming above seagrass.

Draw one line from each adaptation of seagrass to how the adaptation helps the seagrass survive.

In the stingray, gas exchange takes place in the gills.

Name the organs where gas exchange takes place in humans.

Gills are adapted to maximise gas exchange.

Which two features of gills help to maximise gas exchange?

Tick () two boxes.

Stingrays rest on the sea floor.

Table 4 shows information about the metabolic rate of a stingray.

Calculate how many times greater the metabolic rate of the stingray is when swimming compared with when resting.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

When the metabolic rate of the stingray increases, the rate of aerobic respiration in the stingray increases.

Complete the word equation for aerobic respiration.

Choose answers from the box.

Explain why the rate of respiration in the stingray increases when the stingray starts to swim.

Some plants can use anaerobic respiration.

Which two substances are produced during anaerobic respiration in plants?

Tick () two boxes.

This question is about the human circulatory system.

Blood plasma transports blood cells around the body.

Give one other function of blood plasma.

Do not refer to oxygen in your answer.

Figure 5 shows a red blood cell.

The image of the red blood cell in Figure 5 is magnified 7200 times.

Calculate the real diameter of the red blood cell.

Give your answer in micrometres (µm).

Figure 6 shows the heart.

Blood pressure is a measure of the force of the blood against the walls of the blood vessels.

Table 5 shows information about the different types of blood vessel shown in Figure 6.

Complete Table 5 using the correct letters from Figure 6.

One row has been completed for you.

Name blood vessel D in Figure 6.

Describe the structure of the walls of an artery.

An athlete ran on a running machine.

The athlete:

• reached their maximum intensity of exercise and then stopped exercising

• had their use of oxygen recorded

• had the lactic acid concentration in their blood recorded.

During the exercise the athlete respired aerobically and anaerobically.

Explain why anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration.

Figure 7 shows the athlete’s use of oxygen and the lactic acid concentration of blood during exercise and after exercise.

Explain why the use of oxygen remained high after the athlete stopped exercising.

Some athletes regularly exercise in conditions that increase the number of red blood cells.

Explain why having an increased number of red blood cells is an advantage to an athlete.

A person has coronary heart disease.

Which blood vessels are affected by coronary heart disease?

Tick () one box.

A person’s heart stops beating.

The person stops breathing.

A first-aider pushes down on the person’s chest.

Pushing down on the person’s chest puts pressure on the heart.

Explain why putting pressure on the heart helps the person.

The first-aider also forces air into the person’s lungs by blowing into their mouth.

Describe how forcing air into the person’s lungs helps the person.

The person’s heart starts to beat again and the person starts breathing.

The person has a high level of cholesterol in their blood.

Name one type of drug that would decrease the level of cholesterol in the person’s blood.

A doctor decides that the person needs to have a stent fitted.

Explain how a stent works to treat coronary heart disease.

Table 5 shows the effect of smoking on the risk of developing different cardiovascular diseases.

Give two conclusions that can be made from the data in Table 5.

Complete Figure 6.

You should:

• label the y-axis

• add the correct scale to the y-axis

• plot the data from Table 5

• label each bar.

The bar for cardiovascular disease E has been plotted for you.

Describe one lifestyle factor that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Do not refer to smoking in your answer.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disorder caused by a faulty gene.

Where in a cell would the CF gene be found?

CF affects many organs in the body.

The main organs affected are:

• the lungs

• the pancreas

• the small intestine.

Figure 7 shows organs of the human body.

Which letters in Figure 7 show the lungs, the pancreas and the small intestine?

Tick () one box.

The pancreas produces several digestive enzymes.

CF reduces the amount of each enzyme that reaches the small intestine.

Explain why a person with CF has:

• difficulty digesting food

• difficulty gaining body mass.

Gas exchange happens in the alveoli in the lungs.

Describe three features of the alveoli that help maximise gas exchange.

CF reduces the amount of oxygen that can enter the blood from the alveoli.

Explain how a reduced amount of oxygen entering the blood will affect the human body.

A person has coronary heart disease.

Which blood vessels are affected by coronary heart disease?

Tick (✓) one box.

A person’s heart stops beating.

The person stops breathing.

A first-aider pushes down on the person’s chest.

Pushing down on the person’s chest puts pressure on the heart.

Explain why putting pressure on the heart helps the person.

The first - aider also forces air into the person’s lungs by blowing into their mouth.

Describe how forcing air into the person’s lungs helps the person.

The person’s heart starts to beat again and the person starts breathing.

The person has a high level of cholesterol in their blood.

Name one type of drug that would decrease the level of cholesterol in the person’s blood.

A doctor decides that the person needs to have a stent fitted.

Explain how a stent works to treat coronary heart disease.

Table 1 shows the effect of smoking on the risk of developing different cardiovascular diseases.

Give two conclusions that can be made from the data in Table 1.

Complete Figure 1.

You should:

• label the y-axis

• add the correct scale to the y-axis

• plot the data from Table 1

• label each bar.

The bar for cardiovascular disease E has been plotted for you.

Describe one lifestyle factor that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Do not refer to smoking in your answer.

This question is about the circulatory system.

Figure 5 shows the human heart.

Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which part of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

Tick (✓) one box.

A group of cells called the pacemaker controls the resting heart rate.

Where in the heart is the pacemaker found?

Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 6 shows a cross section of an artery and of a vein.

Describe two ways that the structure of an artery is different from the structure of a vein.

In coronary heart disease, the coronary arteries become narrower.

A build-up of fatty material can cause a blockage in a coronary artery.

Table 6 shows how a blockage in a coronary artery affects blood flow.

Describe the trend shown in Table 6.

Complete Figure 7.

You should:

• use a suitable scale for the y-axis

• plot the data from Table 6

• draw a line of best fit.

Predict the blood flow in a coronary artery with a 35% blockage.

Use Figure 7.

Explain the effect of a partly blocked coronary artery on the human body.

There are different treatments for a blockage in a coronary artery.

Explain how one treatment for a blockage in a coronary artery works.

This question is about the circulatory system. Figure 1 shows the human heart.

Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs? Tick (✓) one box.

Which part of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs? Tick (✓) one box.

A group of cells called the pacemaker controls the resting heart rate. Where in the heart is the pacemaker found? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 2 shows a cross section of an artery and of a vein.

Describe two ways that the structure of an artery is different from the structure of a vein.

In coronary heart disease, the coronary arteries become narrower. A build-up of fatty material can cause a blockage in a coronary artery. Table 2 shows how a blockage in a coronary artery affects blood flow.

Describe the trend shown in Table 2.

Complete Figure 3. You should:

• use a suitable scale for the y-axis

• plot the data from Table 2

• draw a line of best fit.

Predict the blood flow in a coronary artery with a 35% blockage. Use Figure 3.

Explain the effect of a partly blocked coronary artery on the human body.

There are different treatments for a blockage in a coronary artery. Explain how one treatment for a blockage in a coronary artery works.

Blood is transported around the body in blood vessels.

Draw one line from each type of blood vessel to the structure of the blood vessel.

Explain how the structure of an artery is related to its function.

Figure 9 shows blood viewed through a microscope.

Name A and B in Figure 9.

A red blood cell:

• has no nucleus

• contains a red pigment called haemoglobin.

Suggest how these adaptations help the red blood cell carry out its function.

The blood components are carried around the body in the liquid part of the blood. What is the liquid part of the blood called? Tick (✓) one box.

Table 2 shows the results of a man’s blood test.

Which component of the man’s blood is not within the normal range?

Suggest a symptom the man might show.

Diffusion is an important process in animals and plants.

What is meant by the term diffusion?

Figure 11 shows part of a leaf.

Molecules of carbon dioxide diffuse from the air into the mesophyll cells. Which two changes will increase the rate at which carbon dioxide diffuses into the mesophyll cells? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Diffusion also happens in the human lungs. Figure 12 shows the human breathing system.

Explain how the human lungs are adapted for efficient exchange of gases by diffusion.

Figure 13 shows a root hair cell.

Name the process by which water molecules enter the root hair cell.

Nitrate ions need a different method of transport into the root hair cell. Explain how the nitrate ions in Figure 13 are transported into the root hair cell. Use information from Figure 13 in your answer.

An animal called an axolotl lives in water.

Figure 3 shows an axolotl.

Oxygen enters the axolotl’s bloodstream through the gills by diffusion.

What is diffusion?

Tick (✓) one box.

Describe how one feature of the axolotl’s gills increases the rate of diffusion of oxygen.

Use information from Figure 3.

If a gill of an axolotl is removed, stem cells in the damaged area will divide and a new gill will grow.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

When stem cells specialise to produce gill cells, this process is

known as.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

To grow a new gill the stem cells divide by.

Which one of the following does not contain stem cells?

Tick (✓) one box.

Axolotls are small animals. Axolotls are used in stem cell research.

What are two advantages of using axolotls in stem cell research?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Oxygen uptake in humans takes place in the lungs.

Figure 4 shows the human breathing system.

Where does oxygen enter the bloodstream?

Tick (✓) one box.

Name part E on Figure 4.

Which blood vessel carries blood to the lungs?

Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 11 shows the internal structure of the human heart.

Which organ system is the heart a part of?

Draw a ring around one valve on Figure 11.

What is the function of the valves in the heart?

Valves are also found inside some blood vessels.

Which type of blood vessel contains valves?

Sometimes a valve in the heart can begin to leak.

A leaking heart valve may be replaced with either:

• a mechanical valve

• a biological valve from a pig.

Table 6 shows information about the replacement valves.

Suggest two reasons why a patient may choose a mechanical valve and not a biological valve from a pig.

Suggest one reason why a patient may choose a biological valve from a pig and not a mechanical valve.

A person may develop other medical conditions.

Draw one line from each medical condition to the correct treatment.

Medical condition
Treatment

Figure 6 shows the internal structure of the human heart.

One of the heart valves is labelled.

Sometimes a valve in the heart can start to leak.

Explain why a person with a leaking heart valve has difficulty exercising.

A patient with a leaking heart valve may have the valve replaced.

A study compared two different types of replacement heart valve:

• mechanical valves

• biological valves from pigs.

The data used in the study was collected from female patients aged 50–69.

Table 4 shows the data.

Give one conclusion about the death of patients from heart-related problems after a valve replacement.

Include calculations to support your answer.

One risk of mechanical valves is that blood clots can form on the surface of the valve.

Name the component of the blood that starts the process of blood clotting.

Evaluate the use of mechanical replacement heart valves and biological replacement heart valves.

Use information from Table 4 and your own knowledge.

A small animal called an axolotl lives in water. The axolotl has a double circulatory system.

Define the term double circulatory system.

Figure 7 shows the double circulatory system of the axolotl.

Figure 7

The following figure cannot be reproduced here due to third-party copyright restrictions.

The heart of the axolotl has only one ventricle.

Label the ventricle on Figure 7.

Explain why having only one ventricle makes the circulatory system less efficient than having two ventricles.

Figure 8 shows an axolotl.

Explain why an axolotl may die in water with a low concentration of oxygen.

If a gill of an axolotl is removed, a new gill will grow in its place.

Scientists hope to use information on how axolotls grow new gills to help with regenerating human tissue.

Name the type of cell that divides when a new gill grows.

Name one condition that could be treated using regenerated human tissue.

Suggest one reason why an axolotl is a suitable animal for research in the laboratory.

An axolotl may not be a suitable animal to study when researching regeneration in human tissue.

Suggest one reason why.

This question is about the circulatory system.

Draw one line from each blood component to its function.

Blood component
Function

Figure 6 shows cross sections of the three main types of blood vessel found in the human body. Each blood vessel is drawn to the scale shown.

Which blood vessel has the smallest diameter?

Tick one box.

Which blood vessel in Figure 6 is an artery?

Give one reason for your answer.

Table 1 gives information about the blood flow in two people.

Calculate the difference in blood flow between person A and person B.

Suggest why blood flow through the coronary arteries is lower in people with coronary heart disease.

Calculate the volume of blood flowing through the coronary arteries of person A in 1 hour.

Give your answer in dm³.

Coronary heart disease can be treated by:

• inserting a stent

using a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG).

Table 2 gives information about each method.

Give two advantages of using a stent instead of CABG.

Give two advantages of using CABG instead of a stent.

The circulatory system is composed of the blood, blood vessels and the heart.

Urea is transported in the blood plasma.

Name two other substances transported in the blood plasma.

Some athletes train at high altitude.

Training at high altitude increases the number of red blood cells per cm³ of blood.

Explain why having more red blood cells per cm³ of blood is an advantage to an athlete.

Which two blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood?

Tick two boxes.

Figure 4 shows the three types of blood vessel.

Which type of blood vessel carries blood into the right atrium?

Tick one box.

Compare the structure of an artery with the structure of a vein.

Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells. This group of cells act as a pacemaker.

Figure 5 shows a section through the heart.

Draw an X on Figure 5 to show the position of the pacemaker.

A patient may be fitted with an artificial pacemaker.

What condition may be treated using an artificial pacemaker?