Response to exercise

Plants and animals have adaptations that help them survive.

A stingray is an animal that lives in the sea. Seagrass is a plant that grows on the sea floor.

Figure 8 shows a stingray swimming above seagrass.

Draw one line from each adaptation of seagrass to how the adaptation helps the seagrass survive.

In the stingray, gas exchange takes place in the gills.

Name the organs where gas exchange takes place in humans.

Gills are adapted to maximise gas exchange.

Which two features of gills help to maximise gas exchange?

Tick () two boxes.

Stingrays rest on the sea floor.

Table 4 shows information about the metabolic rate of a stingray.

Calculate how many times greater the metabolic rate of the stingray is when swimming compared with when resting.

Give your answer to the nearest whole number.

When the metabolic rate of the stingray increases, the rate of aerobic respiration in the stingray increases.

Complete the word equation for aerobic respiration.

Choose answers from the box.

Explain why the rate of respiration in the stingray increases when the stingray starts to swim.

Some plants can use anaerobic respiration.

Which two substances are produced during anaerobic respiration in plants?

Tick () two boxes.

This question is about the human circulatory system.

Blood plasma transports blood cells around the body.

Give one other function of blood plasma.

Do not refer to oxygen in your answer.

Figure 5 shows a red blood cell.

The image of the red blood cell in Figure 5 is magnified 7200 times.

Calculate the real diameter of the red blood cell.

Give your answer in micrometres (µm).

Figure 6 shows the heart.

Blood pressure is a measure of the force of the blood against the walls of the blood vessels.

Table 5 shows information about the different types of blood vessel shown in Figure 6.

Complete Table 5 using the correct letters from Figure 6.

One row has been completed for you.

Name blood vessel D in Figure 6.

Describe the structure of the walls of an artery.

An athlete ran on a running machine.

The athlete:

• reached their maximum intensity of exercise and then stopped exercising

• had their use of oxygen recorded

• had the lactic acid concentration in their blood recorded.

During the exercise the athlete respired aerobically and anaerobically.

Explain why anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic respiration.

Figure 7 shows the athlete’s use of oxygen and the lactic acid concentration of blood during exercise and after exercise.

Explain why the use of oxygen remained high after the athlete stopped exercising.

Some athletes regularly exercise in conditions that increase the number of red blood cells.

Explain why having an increased number of red blood cells is an advantage to an athlete.

Diffusion is important for gas exchange.

Define the term ‘diffusion’.

Fish exchange gases through gills.

Oxygen from the water enters the blood of a fish through the gills.

Figure 8 shows part of a gill.

Explain how gills are adapted to maximise the exchange of oxygen between the water and the blood.

Some fish rest on the sea floor.

Explain why the metabolic rate of a fish is higher when swimming compared with when resting.

This question is about exercise.

During vigorous exercise, anaerobic respiration occurs in a person’s body. Explain two effects of anaerobic respiration on the person’s body.

Design an investigation to show the effect of different types of exercise on the heart rate of athletes.

Anabolic steroids are drugs. Anabolic steroids:

• increase muscle mass in humans

• are banned in most competitive sports.

Some athletes take anabolic steroids to improve their performance in sport.

Explain how taking anabolic steroids could improve an athlete’s performance.

Scientists use monoclonal antibodies to test for the presence of anabolic steroids in an athlete’s urine. To produce monoclonal antibodies, a mouse lymphocyte is combined with a tumour cell.

What type of cell is created when a mouse lymphocyte and a tumour cell combine? Tick (✓) one box.

Describe how scientists make monoclonal antibodies using the cell created when a mouse lymphocyte and a tumour cell combine.

What property makes a monoclonal antibody useful in detecting the presence of an anabolic steroid in urine? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 5 shows a test strip that can detect the presence of an anabolic steroid in an athlete’s urine.

The end of the test strip is dipped in urine. The urine moves up through the test strip. The test area and the control area contain a dye. The dye turns blue when monoclonal antibodies bind to it.

Suggest the purpose of the control area in the test strip.

Figure 6 shows the urine test results of four athletes.

Describe the evidence in Figure 6 that shows the test for athlete B has not worked. Suggest one reason why the test did not work.

Which athlete has tested positive for anabolic steroids in their urine? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 12 shows a model used to demonstrate human breathing.

Which part of the breathing system is represented by the glass tube? Tick (✓) one box.

The model in Figure 12 represents the human breathing system.

A teacher said: “ The model does not represent the human breathing system very well.”

Give two reasons why the teacher is correct.

A scientist investigated the effect of exercise on breathing rate.

This is the method used.

1. Record the breathing rates of 10 male non-smokers at rest.

2. Tell each man to run on a treadmill at the same speed for 8 minutes.

3. Record the breathing rate of each man every 2 minutes.

4. Continue to record the breathing rate of each man for 4 minutes after he stops running.

Give two variables the scientist controlled in the investigation.

Figure 13 shows the data collected from one of the men.

Calculate the percentage increase in the man’s breathing rate between 0 minutes and 8 minutes. Use the equation:

Explain why the man’s breathing rate increased when he was running.

Give one measurement that could be taken to show a different effect of exercise on the body. Do not refer to breathing rate in your answer.

The men in the investigation were all non-smokers. Give one effect that smoking can have on the body.

A 45-year-old man exercised on a rowing machine for six minutes. A fitness monitor recorded his heart rate and breathing rate every minute. Figure 6 shows the results.

Describe the trend for breathing rate shown in Figure 6. Use data from Figure 6 in your answer.

The safe maximum heart rate for a person exercising can be calculated using the equation: safe maximum heart rate = 220 – age in years Calculate the safe maximum heart rate for the man.

What is the man’s maximum heart rate? Use Figure 6.

The man concluded that he was exercising at a safe heart rate. Give the reason for his conclusion. Use your answers from Question 04.2 and Question 04.3

Explain the ways the man’s body has responded to the exercise. Use information from Figure 6 on page 16.

Figure 6 shows the internal structure of the human heart.

One of the heart valves is labelled.

Sometimes a valve in the heart can start to leak.

Explain why a person with a leaking heart valve has difficulty exercising.

A patient with a leaking heart valve may have the valve replaced.

A study compared two different types of replacement heart valve:

• mechanical valves

• biological valves from pigs.

The data used in the study was collected from female patients aged 50–69.

Table 4 shows the data.

Give one conclusion about the death of patients from heart-related problems after a valve replacement.

Include calculations to support your answer.

One risk of mechanical valves is that blood clots can form on the surface of the valve.

Name the component of the blood that starts the process of blood clotting.

Evaluate the use of mechanical replacement heart valves and biological replacement heart valves.

Use information from Table 4 and your own knowledge.

Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body.

One metabolic reaction is the formation of lipids.

Give one other metabolic reaction in cells.

Table 5 shows the mean metabolic rate of humans of different ages.

What two conclusions can be made from the data in Table 5 ?

Tick two boxes.

Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean metabolic rate of males between 5 years and 45 years of age.

Use the equation:

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Regular exercise can increase metabolic rate.

Two people did five minutes of gentle exercise from rest.

Table 6 shows the effect of the exercise on their heart rates.

Describe two differences in the response of person R and person S to the exercise.

Use information from Table 6.

Complete the line graph in Figure 12 for person S.

You should:

• add the scale to the x axis

• label the x axis.

After five minutes of exercise, the heart rate of person S was 132 beats per minute. When person S rested, his heart rate decreased steadily at a rate of 12 beats every minute.

Calculate how much time it would take the heart rate of person S to return to its resting rate.

A student made the following hypothesis about the heart rate of smokers and non-smokers during exercise.

“During exercise, the heart rate of smokers increases more than the heart rate of non-smokers.”

Design an investigation that would allow you to test this hypothesis.

Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body.

One metabolic reaction is the formation of lipids.

Give one other metabolic reaction in cells.

Table 2 shows the mean metabolic rate of humans of different ages.

What two conclusions can be made from the data in Table 2 ?

Tick two boxes.

Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean metabolic rate of males between 5 years and 45 years of age.

Use the equation:

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Regular exercise can increase metabolic rate.

Two people did five minutes of gentle exercise from rest.

Table 3 shows the effect of the exercise on their heart rates.

Describe two differences in the response of person R and person S to the exercise.

Use information from Table 3.

Complete the line graph in Figure 3 for person S.

You should:

• add the scale to the x axis

• label the x axis.

After five minutes of exercise, the heart rate of person S was 132 beats per minute. When person S rested, his heart rate decreased steadily at a rate of 12 beats every minute.

Calculate how much time it would take the heart rate of person S to return to its resting rate.

A student made the following hypothesis about the heart rate of smokers and non-smokers during exercise.

“During exercise, the heart rate of smokers increases more than the heart rate of non-smokers.”

Design an investigation that would allow you to test this hypothesis.