Immunisation

Measles is an infectious disease caused by a pathogen.

What type of pathogen causes measles?

Give one way measles is spread from one person to another person.

One symptom of measles is pain.

In adults, aspirin can be used to treat the pain.

Which plant did aspirin originate from?

Give one other symptom of measles.

Do not refer to pain in your answer.

The spread of measles can be reduced by vaccination.

Explain why vaccinating large numbers of children helps to reduce the spread of the measles pathogen in the population.

Figure 9 shows information about the severity of measles infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated children.

There were 240 children in the survey.

Calculate how many unvaccinated children had a severe measles infection.

Use Figure 9.

It is recommended that all children are given a measles vaccination.

Give evidence from Figure 9 to support the recommendation.

Include data from Figure 9 in your answer.

Measles is an infectious disease caused by a pathogen.

What type of pathogen causes measles?

Give one way measles is spread from one person to another person.

One symptom of measles is pain.

In adults, aspirin can be used to treat the pain.

Which plant did aspirin originate from?

Give one other symptom of measles.

Do not refer to pain in your answer.

The spread of measles can be reduced by vaccination.

Explain why vaccinating large numbers of children helps to reduce the spread of the measles pathogen in the population.

Figure 1 shows information about the severity of measles infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated children.

There were 240 children in the survey.

Calculate how many unvaccinated children had a severe measles infection.

Use Figure 1.

It is recommended that all children are given a measles vaccination.

Give evidence from Figure 1 to support the recommendation.

Include data from Figure 1 in your answer.

Measles is caused by a virus.

The measles vaccine is given to children to prevent them becoming ill with measles.

Draw one line from each blood component to its function when someone is vaccinated against measles.

Blood component Function

Figure 3 shows information about trends in the UK for:

• percentage of children vaccinated

• the number of people with measles.

What year was the measles vaccine first used?

Use Figure 3.

Describe the trend in the number of people with measles from 1945 to 1975.

Use Figure 3.

In 1998, a scientific paper was published suggesting a link between condition X and one type of measles vaccine.

What happened to the percentage of children vaccinated against measles after the scientific paper was published in 1998?

Use Figure 3.

Why might the claims made in the scientific paper have affected the percentage of children vaccinated?

Tick () one box.

In 2010, the scientific paper linking condition X and the measles vaccine was shown to be based on false claims.

What should scientists do with scientific research to help detect false claims?

Tick () one box.

The person who wrote the scientific paper was paid to research the link between condition X and the measles vaccine.

Why are the claims in the scientific paper likely to be considered not valid?

Viruses cause disease.

What name is given to microorganisms that cause disease?

Tick (✓) one box.

The body has defences to stop viruses entering.

Draw one line from each defence to the part of the body that provides the defence.

Part of the body that

Some viruses can cause tumours to develop.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

A tumour can form when changes to cells cause uncontrolled

cell.

Malignant tumours are cancers.

Which two sentences describe malignant tumours?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

HPV is a virus that can cause one type of cancer in females.

In the UK since 2008, most 12 to 13-year-old females have been vaccinated against HPV.

Scientists investigated the percentage of 16 to 18-year-old females with HPV.

Table 2 shows the results.

What does Table 2 show about the percentage of females with HPV from 2010 to 2016?

Suggest the reason for the change you described in Question 02.5.

The HPV vaccine contains an inactive form of the virus.

The inactive form of the virus is injected into the body.

Which part of the blood responds to the inactive virus?

Tick (✓) one box.

What is produced by the body in response to the inactive virus?

Tick (✓) one box.

Suggest one reason why some parents refuse to allow their children to have the HPV vaccine.

Do not refer to the pain of the injection in your answer.

Salmonella bacteria cause outbreaks of food poisoning in humans. To prevent food poisoning in humans, farmers vaccinate their animals against Salmonella bacteria.

How do Salmonella bacteria in food cause the symptoms of vomiting and diarrhoea?

During a food poisoning outbreak, scientists identified the farm where the food came from. The farmer had not vaccinated the farm animals against Salmonella bacteria.

The food poisoning outbreak could have been prevented if the farm animals had been vaccinated. Explain how:

• the immune systems of animals respond to a vaccination

• the immune response in farm animals prevents an outbreak of food poisoning in humans.

Most cases of food poisoning do not need to be treated with antibiotics. However, some patients may need to take antibiotics to recover. Scientists investigated the effectiveness of five different antibiotics on the Salmonella bacteria in the outbreak. Antibiotics A, B, C, D and E were used in the investigation. Figure 4 shows the results.

Describe two aseptic techniques the scientists should have used in the investigation.

The scientists incubated the bacteria at 37 °C. Students in school laboratories incubate bacteria at 25 °C. Explain why scientists use 37 °C but students must use 25 °C to incubate bacteria.

What is the purpose of the paper disc with no antibiotic in Figure 4 ?

The scientists concluded that either antibiotic A or antibiotic B should be prescribed to patients with food poisoning. Why should antibiotic A or antibiotic B be prescribed?

The scientists wanted to be more certain about which antibiotic should be prescribed. Describe how the results in Figure 4 could be used to obtain a quantitative comparison of antibiotics A and B.

One year later, there was another outbreak at the farm involving Salmonella bacteria. Antibiotic B did not have an effect. Suggest why antibiotic B no longer had an effect.

Antibiotics treat food poisoning because they kill Salmonella bacteria inside the human body. Some antibiotics work because they damage the bacterial cell wall. The bacteria die because the cells burst. Explain why the cells burst.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a pathogen.

How is HIV spread from one person to another person?

Tick (✓) one box.

Table 1 shows information about new cases of HIV diagnosed in the UK.

Describe what happened to the number of new cases of HIV from 2010 to 2018.

What could cause a decrease in the number of new HIV cases in the future?

Tick (✓) one box.

Scientists have been working to produce a vaccine for HIV for many years.

How could a vaccine work to prevent a person being infected with HIV?

Write the stages A, B, C, D and E in the correct order.

The first stage has been completed for you.

A Antibodies attach to the inactive virus.

B Antibodies destroy the inactive virus.

C An inactive form of the virus is injected into the body.

D If the active virus enters the body, antibodies are produced quickly.

E White blood cells produce antibodies to the inactive virus.

When scientists produce a vaccine for a disease the vaccine is tested on live animals.

What is the next stage in testing the vaccine?

Tick (✓) one box.

A vaccine for HIV is important because it is difficult to develop safe drugs to destroy viruses.

Why is it difficult to develop safe drugs to destroy viruses?

Tick (✓) one box.

Some drugs originated from plants.

Draw one line from each drug to the plant the drug originated from.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a pathogen.

Give one way HIV can spread from one person to another person.

Table 8 shows information about new cases of HIV diagnosed in the UK.

Describe the trends shown in Table 8 between 2010 and 2018.

Suggest one reason for the change in the number of new HIV cases between 2014 and 2018.

Calculate the ratio of new cases of HIV in women to new cases of HIV in men in 2018. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

In the UK population the total number of women is greater than the total number of men. The data in Table 8 is used to compare the proportions of new cases of HIV in the population for men and women. Suggest how the data could be presented differently so that a more valid comparison can be made.

Scientists have been working to produce a vaccine for HIV for many years.

Explain how a vaccine for HIV could work to prevent a person developing HIV infection.

A person with late stage HIV infection has AIDS. Scientists have produced monoclonal antibodies for HIV. The monoclonal antibodies can prevent a person infected with HIV developing AIDS.

Describe how the monoclonal antibody for HIV can be produced.

Figure 9 shows how HIV enters a human cell.

Suggest how the monoclonal antibody for HIV helps to prevent a person infected with HIV developing AIDS. Use information from Figure 9.

Viruses cause disease.

What name is given to microorganisms that cause disease? Tick (✓) one box.

How do viruses cause the symptoms of disease? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 4 shows a virus and an animal cell.

Suggest one reason why viruses are not classed as cells.

A vaccine can protect humans from a viral disease.

What does the vaccine contain? Tick (✓) one box.

In some cases, a first vaccination needs to be followed by a second vaccination some time later.

Which graph shows how the concentration of antibodies in a person’s blood changes after the first and second vaccinations? Tick (✓) one box.

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) causes disease in plants.

TMV affects the rate of photosynthesis in plants.

Which part of a plant shows discolouration caused by TMV? Tick (✓) one box.

Table 1 shows the rate of photosynthesis in four different tobacco plants.

Complete Figure 5. You should:

• label the y-axis

• add the correct scale to the y-axis

• plot the data from Table 1

• label each bar.

What conclusion can be made from the data in Table 1 ?

Explain why a high level of TMV infection reduces growth in a plant.

The human body can defend itself against microorganisms that cause disease. Viruses are one type of microorganism that cause disease.

Name one type of microorganism that causes disease in humans. Do not refer to viruses in your answer.

Which two defence systems prevent microorganisms infecting the human body? Tick (✓) two boxes.

If microorganisms enter the human body the immune system can destroy the microorganisms. How does the immune system destroy microorganisms? Tick (✓) one box.

Vaccinations prevent people becoming ill with diseases such as measles. Complete the sentences. Choose answers from the box.

If the measles virus enters the body after vaccination the immune system reaction

How is the measles virus spread from one person to another?

Doctors investigated the spread of the virus that causes chickenpox.

The first symptom of chickenpox after exposure to the virus is spots on the body. 23 children were playing together at a party. On the day of the party one of the children developed chickenpox spots. Every two days after the party, the doctors recorded when the other 22 children first showed chickenpox spots. Table 1 shows the results.

What was the range for the days on which children first showed chickenpox spots? Use Table 1.

Incubation time is the usual time from exposure to a pathogen until the first symptoms appear. Suggest the most likely incubation time for chickenpox.

Suggest one reason why some of the children did not develop chickenpox.

One mother gave antibiotics to her child who had chickenpox. Suggest why this child did not recover more quickly than the other children who had chickenpox.