Health, lifestyle & risk factors

Eating too much carbohydrate can cause obesity.

Name one disease that obesity is a risk factor for.

Table 5 shows information about sugar intake and obesity in different countries.

Complete Figure 10.

You should:

• label the y-axis

• add the scale for the y-axis

• plot the data for countries C, D, E, F and G from Table 5

• draw a line of best fit.

Countries A and B have been completed for you.

Figure 11 shows information about the relationship between sugar intake and tooth decay.

Name the type of graph shown in Figure 11.

What relationship is shown between the two variables in Figure 11 ?

Tick () one box.

Sugars and starch are carbohydrates.

A student investigated the effect of temperature on the activity of amylase.

For each temperature, the student:

• mixed starch and amylase together

• added iodine solution after 5 minutes.

The iodine solution was yellow-brown before it was added to the mixture.

Table 6 shows the results.

Explain the results at 30 °C and at 90 °C.

How could the student change the investigation to find a more precise temperature that amylase works best at?

Tick () one box.

Protease enzymes are involved in protein digestion.

Different types of protease enzyme are active in different organs of the digestive system.

Complete Table 7 to identify the organ where each protease enzyme is active.

Eating too much carbohydrate can cause obesity.

Name one disease that obesity is a risk factor for.

Table 1 shows information about sugar intake and obesity in different countries.

Complete Figure 2.

You should:

• label the y-axis

• add the scale for the y-axis

• plot the data for countries C, D, E, F and G from Table 1

• draw a line of best fit.

Countries A and B have been completed for you.

Figure 3 shows information about the relationship between sugar intake and tooth decay.

Name the type of graph shown in Figure 3.

What relationship is shown between the two variables in Figure 3 ?

Tick () one box.

Sugars and starch are carbohydrates.

A student investigated the effect of temperature on the activity of amylase.

For each temperature, the student:

• mixed starch and amylase together

• added iodine solution after 5 minutes.

The iodine solution was yellow-brown before it was added to the mixture.

Table 2 shows the results.

Explain the results at 30 °C and at 90 °C.

How could the student change the investigation to find a more precise temperature that amylase works best at?

Tick () one box.

Protease enzymes are involved in protein digestion.

Different types of protease enzyme are active in different organs of the digestive system.

Complete Table 3 to identify the organ where each protease enzyme is active.

Measles is caused by a virus.

The measles vaccine is given to children to prevent them becoming ill with measles.

Draw one line from each blood component to its function when someone is vaccinated against measles.

Blood component Function

Figure 3 shows information about trends in the UK for:

• percentage of children vaccinated

• the number of people with measles.

What year was the measles vaccine first used?

Use Figure 3.

Describe the trend in the number of people with measles from 1945 to 1975.

Use Figure 3.

In 1998, a scientific paper was published suggesting a link between condition X and one type of measles vaccine.

What happened to the percentage of children vaccinated against measles after the scientific paper was published in 1998?

Use Figure 3.

Why might the claims made in the scientific paper have affected the percentage of children vaccinated?

Tick () one box.

In 2010, the scientific paper linking condition X and the measles vaccine was shown to be based on false claims.

What should scientists do with scientific research to help detect false claims?

Tick () one box.

The person who wrote the scientific paper was paid to research the link between condition X and the measles vaccine.

Why are the claims in the scientific paper likely to be considered not valid?

A person has coronary heart disease.

Which blood vessels are affected by coronary heart disease?

Tick () one box.

A person’s heart stops beating.

The person stops breathing.

A first-aider pushes down on the person’s chest.

Pushing down on the person’s chest puts pressure on the heart.

Explain why putting pressure on the heart helps the person.

The first-aider also forces air into the person’s lungs by blowing into their mouth.

Describe how forcing air into the person’s lungs helps the person.

The person’s heart starts to beat again and the person starts breathing.

The person has a high level of cholesterol in their blood.

Name one type of drug that would decrease the level of cholesterol in the person’s blood.

A doctor decides that the person needs to have a stent fitted.

Explain how a stent works to treat coronary heart disease.

Table 5 shows the effect of smoking on the risk of developing different cardiovascular diseases.

Give two conclusions that can be made from the data in Table 5.

Complete Figure 6.

You should:

• label the y-axis

• add the correct scale to the y-axis

• plot the data from Table 5

• label each bar.

The bar for cardiovascular disease E has been plotted for you.

Describe one lifestyle factor that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Do not refer to smoking in your answer.

A person has coronary heart disease.

Which blood vessels are affected by coronary heart disease?

Tick (✓) one box.

A person’s heart stops beating.

The person stops breathing.

A first-aider pushes down on the person’s chest.

Pushing down on the person’s chest puts pressure on the heart.

Explain why putting pressure on the heart helps the person.

The first - aider also forces air into the person’s lungs by blowing into their mouth.

Describe how forcing air into the person’s lungs helps the person.

The person’s heart starts to beat again and the person starts breathing.

The person has a high level of cholesterol in their blood.

Name one type of drug that would decrease the level of cholesterol in the person’s blood.

A doctor decides that the person needs to have a stent fitted.

Explain how a stent works to treat coronary heart disease.

Table 1 shows the effect of smoking on the risk of developing different cardiovascular diseases.

Give two conclusions that can be made from the data in Table 1.

Complete Figure 1.

You should:

• label the y-axis

• add the correct scale to the y-axis

• plot the data from Table 1

• label each bar.

The bar for cardiovascular disease E has been plotted for you.

Describe one lifestyle factor that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Do not refer to smoking in your answer.

Malaria is caused by a protist.

The protist is passed from one person to another person by mosquitos.

Which term describes the mosquito?

Tick (✓) one box.

The malarial protist is a eukaryotic cell.

Figure 2 shows a malarial protist.

Give two features of the malarial protist that show the cell is eukaryotic

and not prokaryotic.

Which organism is prokaryotic?

Tick (✓) one box.

The malarial protist reproduces asexually.

What is a feature of asexual reproduction?

Tick (✓) one box.

Mitosis occurs in the malarial protist during asexual reproduction.

The protist has 14 chromosomes.

How many chromosomes will each new protist cell have after mitosis?

Tick (✓) one box.

When a person has malaria, the protists destroy red blood cells.

What change would happen in the blood of a person with malaria?

Tick (✓) one box.

It is estimated that 210 million people are infected with malaria every year. Half of these infected people survive the disease.

Calculate how many people would survive the disease in 3 years if the estimate is correct.

Give your answer in standard form.

The spread of malaria can be controlled by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten.

Describe two other ways that people can reduce the chance of being bitten by mosquitos.

Do not refer to mosquito nets in your answer.

Different types of disease may interact.

Scientists studied how having disorder S interacts with malaria.

The scientists calculated the chance of children with disorder S getting malaria.

Table 4 shows the results.

Describe the trend shown in Table 4.

Use data from Table 4.

The protist that causes malaria is passed from one person to another person by mosquitos.

What term describes an organism that passes a pathogen from one person to another person?

Figure 7 shows the malarial protist.

The malarial protist is a eukaryotic cell. Describe three ways the structure of the malarial protist is different from the structure of a prokaryotic cell. Do not refer to size in your answer.

During one stage of malaria infection, the malarial protists enter red blood cells and cause them to burst. Explain why the bursting of red blood cells causes tiredness.

The malarial protist reproduces sexually and asexually during a life cycle. Complete Table 3 to give three differences between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. One difference has been completed for you.

One drug for treating malaria prevents mitosis occurring in the malarial protist. The drug stops the synthesis of new DNA bases in the cell. Suggest how the drug prevents mitosis occurring.

Describe the process of cell division by mitosis.

Different types of disease may interact. Scientists studied the incidence of malaria infections in children:

• with disorder S

• without disorder S.

The incidence of malaria in children with disorder S was calculated as a percentage of the incidence in children without disorder S. Table 4 shows the results.

Describe what the results in Table 4 show about the interaction between disorder S and malaria.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a way of finding out if a person’s body mass falls within a healthy range for their height. Table 4 shows information about two people.

Figure 18 shows five BMI categories for adults.

Which is the BMI category of person A in Table 4 ? Tick (✓) one box.

Calculate value X in Table 4. Use the equation:

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Scientists think there is a link between BMI and life expectancy. Table 5 shows information about predicted life expectancy of men after the age of 50.

Describe two patterns shown in Table 5 about the effects of BMI category.

The number of people who are obese in the UK is increasing.

Explain the financial impact on the UK economy of an increasing number of people who are obese.

A person who is obese is more at risk of arthritis. Arthritis is a condition that damages joints. Suggest how arthritis could affect a person’s lifestyle.

A person who eats a diet high in saturated fat might become obese. Name two health conditions that might develop if a person eats a diet high in saturated fat. Do not refer to arthritis in your answer.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a way of finding out if a person’s body mass falls within a healthy range for their height.

Table 1 shows information about two people.

Figure 5 shows five BMI categories for adults.

Which is the BMI category of person A in Table 1 ?

Tick (✓) one box.

Calculate value X in Table 1.

Use the equation:

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Scientists think there is a link between BMI and life expectancy.

Table 2 shows information about predicted life expectancy of men after the age of 50.

Describe two patterns shown in Table 2 about the effects of BMI category.

The number of people who are obese in the UK is increasing.

Explain the financial impact on the UK economy of an increasing number of people who are obese.

A person who is obese is more at risk of arthritis.

Arthritis is a condition that damages joints.

Suggest how arthritis could affect a person’s lifestyle.

A person who eats a diet high in saturated fat might become obese.

Name two health conditions that might develop if a person eats a diet high in saturated fat.

Do not refer to arthritis in your answer.

Data from ‘The Million Women’ survey in the UK was collected for over 15 years. Scientists analysed the data to study the effect of consuming alcohol on liver disease. The scientists:

• included 400 000 women who regularly consumed alcohol

• included 400 000 women who did not consume alcohol

• excluded women who already had a liver disease.

Age and gender were two factors controlled in this analysis. Many other factors were also controlled. Suggest two other factors which the scientists would have controlled.

The data was analysed for:

• women who drank alcohol with meals

• women who drank alcohol not with meals

• women who did not drink alcohol.

During the survey approximately 1500 women developed a liver disease called cirrhosis of the liver. Scientists calculated the relative risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver for each group who consumed alcohol. A relative risk of 1.0 means there was no statistical difference between the groups who did consume alcohol and the group who did not consume alcohol. Figure 10 shows a summary of the results.

A woman drinks 150 g of alcohol per week not with meals. The woman decides to change to drinking 150 g of alcohol per week with meals. Calculate the percentage decrease in relative risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver for this woman.

One glass of wine contains 12 g of alcohol. A different woman drinks two glasses of wine each day with her meals. Calculate the relative risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver for this woman.

Figure 10 is repeated below.

Consuming alcohol with meals instead of not with meals decreases the relative risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver. Give two other conclusions about the relative risk of developing cirrhosis of the liver related to alcohol consumption. Use data from Figure 10 in your answer.

Suggest two reasons why the data is considered to be valid.

Suggest one aspect of the survey which might reduce validity.

Cirrhosis of the liver leads to liver failure. Describe the effects of liver failure on the human body.

Figure 5 shows the human digestive system.

Label organs A, B and C.

Complete the sentences.

Choose the answers from the box.

Digestion is the process of breaking down large food molecules into smaller

chemical reactions.

If the temperature of an enzyme gets too high, the enzyme is

Protease is an enzyme.

Protease breaks down protein.

What is protein broken down into?

Tick one box.

Why is protein needed by the body?

Which organ in the human digestive system produces protease?

Tick one box.

Describe how you would test a sample of food to show it contains protein.

Give the reason for any safety precautions you would take.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

Obesity can be caused by a diet high in.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

Obesity is a risk factor for.

Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body.

One metabolic reaction is the formation of lipids.

Give one other metabolic reaction in cells.

Table 5 shows the mean metabolic rate of humans of different ages.

What two conclusions can be made from the data in Table 5 ?

Tick two boxes.

Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean metabolic rate of males between 5 years and 45 years of age.

Use the equation:

Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Regular exercise can increase metabolic rate.

Two people did five minutes of gentle exercise from rest.

Table 6 shows the effect of the exercise on their heart rates.

Describe two differences in the response of person R and person S to the exercise.

Use information from Table 6.

Complete the line graph in Figure 12 for person S.

You should:

• add the scale to the x axis

• label the x axis.

After five minutes of exercise, the heart rate of person S was 132 beats per minute. When person S rested, his heart rate decreased steadily at a rate of 12 beats every minute.

Calculate how much time it would take the heart rate of person S to return to its resting rate.

A student made the following hypothesis about the heart rate of smokers and non-smokers during exercise.

“During exercise, the heart rate of smokers increases more than the heart rate of non-smokers.”

Design an investigation that would allow you to test this hypothesis.