Coronary heart disease

Blood contains different types of cell.

Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

White blood cells defend the body against

Some white blood cells release chemicals that neutralise toxins. These chemicals

Figure 3 shows a white blood cell.

The image of the white blood cell in Figure 3 is magnified 4000 times.

Calculate the real width of the white blood cell.

Complete the following steps.

Measure width W in millimetres (mm).

Convert your measurement to micrometres (µm).

1 millimetre (mm) = 1000 micrometres (µm).

Calculate the real width of the white blood cell.

Use the equation:

Table 3 shows information about different types of blood vessel.

The width of a red blood cell is 8 µm.

Figure 4 shows red blood cells in one type of blood vessel.

Which type of blood vessel is shown in Figure 4 ?

Use Table 3.

Tick () one box.

Explain why arteries need to have thick walls.

Use Table 3.

Coronary arteries in the heart can become narrowed.

What happens inside coronary arteries to cause them to become narrowed?

Explain why narrowed coronary arteries can be dangerous.

Treatments are available for some cardiovascular diseases.

Draw one line from each cardiovascular disease to a treatment for the disease.

Why is coronary heart disease described as a ‘non-communicable disease’?

A person has coronary heart disease.

Which blood vessels are affected by coronary heart disease?

Tick () one box.

A person’s heart stops beating.

The person stops breathing.

A first-aider pushes down on the person’s chest.

Pushing down on the person’s chest puts pressure on the heart.

Explain why putting pressure on the heart helps the person.

The first-aider also forces air into the person’s lungs by blowing into their mouth.

Describe how forcing air into the person’s lungs helps the person.

The person’s heart starts to beat again and the person starts breathing.

The person has a high level of cholesterol in their blood.

Name one type of drug that would decrease the level of cholesterol in the person’s blood.

A doctor decides that the person needs to have a stent fitted.

Explain how a stent works to treat coronary heart disease.

Table 5 shows the effect of smoking on the risk of developing different cardiovascular diseases.

Give two conclusions that can be made from the data in Table 5.

Complete Figure 6.

You should:

• label the y-axis

• add the correct scale to the y-axis

• plot the data from Table 5

• label each bar.

The bar for cardiovascular disease E has been plotted for you.

Describe one lifestyle factor that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Do not refer to smoking in your answer.

A person has coronary heart disease.

Which blood vessels are affected by coronary heart disease?

Tick (✓) one box.

A person’s heart stops beating.

The person stops breathing.

A first-aider pushes down on the person’s chest.

Pushing down on the person’s chest puts pressure on the heart.

Explain why putting pressure on the heart helps the person.

The first - aider also forces air into the person’s lungs by blowing into their mouth.

Describe how forcing air into the person’s lungs helps the person.

The person’s heart starts to beat again and the person starts breathing.

The person has a high level of cholesterol in their blood.

Name one type of drug that would decrease the level of cholesterol in the person’s blood.

A doctor decides that the person needs to have a stent fitted.

Explain how a stent works to treat coronary heart disease.

Table 1 shows the effect of smoking on the risk of developing different cardiovascular diseases.

Give two conclusions that can be made from the data in Table 1.

Complete Figure 1.

You should:

• label the y-axis

• add the correct scale to the y-axis

• plot the data from Table 1

• label each bar.

The bar for cardiovascular disease E has been plotted for you.

Describe one lifestyle factor that can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Do not refer to smoking in your answer.

This question is about the circulatory system.

Figure 5 shows the human heart.

Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which part of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

Tick (✓) one box.

A group of cells called the pacemaker controls the resting heart rate.

Where in the heart is the pacemaker found?

Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 6 shows a cross section of an artery and of a vein.

Describe two ways that the structure of an artery is different from the structure of a vein.

In coronary heart disease, the coronary arteries become narrower.

A build-up of fatty material can cause a blockage in a coronary artery.

Table 6 shows how a blockage in a coronary artery affects blood flow.

Describe the trend shown in Table 6.

Complete Figure 7.

You should:

• use a suitable scale for the y-axis

• plot the data from Table 6

• draw a line of best fit.

Predict the blood flow in a coronary artery with a 35% blockage.

Use Figure 7.

Explain the effect of a partly blocked coronary artery on the human body.

There are different treatments for a blockage in a coronary artery.

Explain how one treatment for a blockage in a coronary artery works.

This question is about the circulatory system. Figure 1 shows the human heart.

Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs? Tick (✓) one box.

Which part of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs? Tick (✓) one box.

A group of cells called the pacemaker controls the resting heart rate. Where in the heart is the pacemaker found? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 2 shows a cross section of an artery and of a vein.

Describe two ways that the structure of an artery is different from the structure of a vein.

In coronary heart disease, the coronary arteries become narrower. A build-up of fatty material can cause a blockage in a coronary artery. Table 2 shows how a blockage in a coronary artery affects blood flow.

Describe the trend shown in Table 2.

Complete Figure 3. You should:

• use a suitable scale for the y-axis

• plot the data from Table 2

• draw a line of best fit.

Predict the blood flow in a coronary artery with a 35% blockage. Use Figure 3.

Explain the effect of a partly blocked coronary artery on the human body.

There are different treatments for a blockage in a coronary artery. Explain how one treatment for a blockage in a coronary artery works.

A high cholesterol concentration in the blood can lead to blockages inside arteries. The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle. Figure 9 shows a coronary artery with a blockage.

Why could the blockage in Figure 9 cause cells in the heart to die?

Doctors can measure the concentration of cholesterol in the blood.

Table 3 shows four different blood cholesterol categories.

Figure 10 shows the blood cholesterol concentration of four people.

Which person is in the medium cholesterol category? Tick (✓) one box.

Which person is most at risk of having a heart attack? Tick (✓) one box.

Give a reason for your answer to Question 05.3.

The blood cholesterol concentration of person D is greater than the blood cholesterol concentration of person A. Calculate how many times greater. Use Figure 10.

Figure 11 shows how a stent can be used to treat a person with a blockage in a coronary artery.

Explain how a stent works as a treatment for a person with a blockage in a coronary artery.

Patients are given anti-clotting drugs after they have a stent fitted. The drugs help to prevent clots forming in the blood.

Which part of the blood starts the blood clotting process? Tick (✓) one box.

When a stent is fitted the doctor gives the patient an injection of anti-clotting drugs. The patient then takes one anti-clotting tablet every day. Anti-clotting drugs:

• are very effective

• can take a week to begin working fully

• have been used for over 60 years

• cost very little to make

• do not work effectively if the patient eats certain types of food.

The patient must have their blood tested every few weeks to check that the anti-clotting drugs are working. Evaluate the use of anti-clotting drugs in patients who have had a stent fitted.

Figure 11 shows the internal structure of the human heart.

Which organ system is the heart a part of?

Draw a ring around one valve on Figure 11.

What is the function of the valves in the heart?

Valves are also found inside some blood vessels.

Which type of blood vessel contains valves?

Sometimes a valve in the heart can begin to leak.

A leaking heart valve may be replaced with either:

• a mechanical valve

• a biological valve from a pig.

Table 6 shows information about the replacement valves.

Suggest two reasons why a patient may choose a mechanical valve and not a biological valve from a pig.

Suggest one reason why a patient may choose a biological valve from a pig and not a mechanical valve.

A person may develop other medical conditions.

Draw one line from each medical condition to the correct treatment.

Medical condition
Treatment

Figure 6 shows the internal structure of the human heart.

One of the heart valves is labelled.

Sometimes a valve in the heart can start to leak.

Explain why a person with a leaking heart valve has difficulty exercising.

A patient with a leaking heart valve may have the valve replaced.

A study compared two different types of replacement heart valve:

• mechanical valves

• biological valves from pigs.

The data used in the study was collected from female patients aged 50–69.

Table 4 shows the data.

Give one conclusion about the death of patients from heart-related problems after a valve replacement.

Include calculations to support your answer.

One risk of mechanical valves is that blood clots can form on the surface of the valve.

Name the component of the blood that starts the process of blood clotting.

Evaluate the use of mechanical replacement heart valves and biological replacement heart valves.

Use information from Table 4 and your own knowledge.

This question is about the circulatory system.

Draw one line from each blood component to its function.

Blood component
Function

Figure 6 shows cross sections of the three main types of blood vessel found in the human body. Each blood vessel is drawn to the scale shown.

Which blood vessel has the smallest diameter?

Tick one box.

Which blood vessel in Figure 6 is an artery?

Give one reason for your answer.

Table 1 gives information about the blood flow in two people.

Calculate the difference in blood flow between person A and person B.

Suggest why blood flow through the coronary arteries is lower in people with coronary heart disease.

Calculate the volume of blood flowing through the coronary arteries of person A in 1 hour.

Give your answer in dm³.

Coronary heart disease can be treated by:

• inserting a stent

using a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG).

Table 2 gives information about each method.

Give two advantages of using a stent instead of CABG.

Give two advantages of using CABG instead of a stent.