Cell structure

This question is about cells.

Figure 1 shows an animal cell seen through a microscope.

What is part X in Figure 1 ?

Tick () one box.

Name one structure found in the nucleus.

Name one cell part that is found in a plant cell but is not found in an animal cell.

Root hair cells are found in plants.

Which substance do root hair cells absorb from the soil?

Tick () one box.

A sperm cell is a specialised cell.

What is the function of a sperm cell?

Draw one line from each specialised cell to the type of organism where the specialised cell is found.

The cell membrane controls which substances move into and out of cells.

Which two processes move substances into and out of cells?

Tick () two boxes.

Table 1 shows substances that are exchanged between the blood and muscle cells.

Complete Table 1 to show the direction of movement of each substance.

Tick () one box in each row.

This question is about cells and transport.

Complete Table 5.

Cells in potatoes are plant cells.

Cells in potatoes do not contain chloroplasts.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Name one type of cell in a potato plant that does not contain chloroplasts.

A student investigated the effect of salt concentration on pieces of potato.

This is the method used.

1. Cut three pieces of potato of the same size.

2. Record the mass of each potato piece.

3. Add 150 cm³ of 0.4 mol/dm³ salt solution to a beaker.

4. Place each potato piece into the beaker.

5. After 30 minutes, remove each potato piece and dry the surface with a paper towel.

6. Record the mass of each potato piece.

7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 using different concentrations of salt solution.

What is the independent variable in the investigation?

Tick (✓) one box.

Why did the student dry the surface of each potato piece with a paper towel in step 5 ?

The student calculated the percentage change in mass of each potato piece.

For one potato piece:

• the starting mass was 2.5 g

• the end mass was 2.7 g.

Calculate the percentage increase in mass of the potato piece.

Use the equation:

The student used the results from each potato piece to calculate the mean percentage change in mass at each concentration.

Table 6 shows the results.

Complete Figure 9.

You should:

• label the x-axis

• use a suitable scale for the x-axis

• plot the data from Table 6

• draw a line of best fit.

What concentration of salt solution was equal to the concentration of the solution inside the potato pieces?

Use Figure 9.

Explain why the potato pieces in the 0.4 mol/dm³ salt solution decreased in mass.

Plant cells and fungal cells are similar in structure.

Figure 10 shows a fungal cell.

Name one structure in Figure 10 which is present in both plant cells and fungal cells but not in animal cells.

Which disease is caused by a fungus?

Tick (✓) one box.

A fungal cell divides once every 90 minutes.

How many times would this fungal cell divide in 24 hours?

Some types of fungal cell are grown to produce high-protein food.

The high-protein food can be used to make meat-free burgers.

Where is protein digested in the human digestive system?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which chemical could be used to test if the burgers contain protein?

Tick (✓) one box.

Table 7 shows some information about burgers made from meat and meat-free burgers.

Evaluate the use of burgers made from meat compared with meat-free burgers in providing humans with a healthy, balanced diet.

Use information from Table 7 and your own knowledge.

This question is about cells and transport.

Complete Table 1.

Cells in potatoes are plant cells. Cells in potatoes do not contain chloroplasts.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Name one type of cell in a potato plant that does not contain chloroplasts.

A student investigated the effect of salt concentration on pieces of potato. This is the method used.

1. Cut three pieces of potato of the same size.

2. Record the mass of each potato piece.

3. Add 150 cm³ of 0.4 mol/dm³ salt solution to a beaker.

4. Place each potato piece into the beaker.

5. After 30 minutes, remove each potato piece and dry the surface with a paper towel.

6. Record the mass of each potato piece.

7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 using different concentrations of salt solution.

What is the independent variable in the investigation? Tick (✓) one box.

Why did the student dry the surface of each potato piece with a paper towel in step 5 ?

The student calculated the percentage change in mass of each potato piece.

For one potato piece:

• the starting mass was 2.5 g

• the end mass was 2.7 g.

Calculate the percentage increase in mass of the potato piece. Use the equation:

The student used the results from each potato piece to calculate the mean percentage

change in mass at each concentration. Table 2 shows the results.

Complete Figure 1. You should:

• label the x-axis

• use a suitable scale for the x-axis

• plot the data from Table 2

• draw a line of best fit.

What concentration of salt solution was equal to the concentration of the solution inside the potato pieces? Use Figure 1.

Explain why the potato pieces in the 0.4 mol/dm³ salt solution decreased in mass.

Plant cells and fungal cells are similar in structure. Figure 2 shows a fungal cell.

Name one structure in Figure 2 which is present in both plant cells and fungal cells but not in animal cells.

Which disease is caused by a fungus? Tick (✓) one box.

A fungal cell divides once every 90 minutes. How many times would this fungal cell divide in 24 hours?

Some types of fungal cell are grown to produce high-protein food.

The high-protein food can be used to make meat-free burgers.

Where is protein digested in the human digestive system? Tick (✓) one box.

Which chemical could be used to test if the burgers contain protein? Tick (✓) one box.

Table 3 shows some information about burgers made from meat and meat-free burgers.

Evaluate the use of burgers made from meat compared with meat-free burgers in providing humans with a healthy, balanced diet. Use information from Table 3 and your own knowledge.

Turn over for next question

A student prepared some animal cells to view using a microscope. Figure 14 shows the student preparing the cells.

Name two pieces of laboratory equipment the student could have used to prepare cells to view using a microscope.

Figure 15 shows the student’s light microscope.

Name part A.

What is the function of part B ?

The student tried to look at the cells using the microscope. Suggest one reason why the student could not see any cells when looking through part A.

Red blood cells are specialised animal cells. Compare the structure of a red blood cell with the structure of a plant cell.

When placed into a beaker of water:

• a red blood cell bursts

• a plant cell does not burst.

Explain why the red blood cell bursts but the plant cell does not burst.

A student prepared some animal cells to view using a microscope.

Figure 1 shows the student preparing the cells.

Name two pieces of laboratory equipment the student could have used to prepare cells to view using a microscope.

Figure 2 shows the student’s light microscope.

Name part A.

What is the function of part B ?

The student tried to look at the cells using the microscope.

Suggest one reason why the student could not see any cells when looking through part A.

Red blood cells are specialised animal cells.

Compare the structure of a red blood cell with the structure of a plant cell.

When placed into a beaker of water:

• a red blood cell bursts

• a plant cell does not burst.

Explain why the red blood cell bursts but the plant cell does not burst.

Figure 12 shows an animal cell viewed using a microscope.

The cell contains a nucleus.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Name one type of cell that does not contain a nucleus.

Draw a simple diagram of the cell in Figure 12.

Label two parts of the cell.

Name one structure found in a plant cell but not found in an animal cell.

Figure 13 shows some different cells.

The real length from point X to point Y is 0.06 mm

Calculate the magnification.

Use the equation:

The cells shown in Figure 13 were viewed using a light microscope.

Give two advantages of using an electron microscope instead of a light microscope.

Figure 1 shows an animal cell viewed using a microscope.

The cell contains a nucleus.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Name one type of cell that does not contain a nucleus.

Draw a simple diagram of the cell in Figure 1.

Label two parts of the cell.

Name one structure found in a plant cell but not found in an animal cell.

Figure 2 shows some different cells.

The real length from point X to point Y is 0.06 mm

Calculate the magnification.

Use the equation:

The cells shown in Figure 2 were viewed using a light microscope.

Give two advantages of using an electron microscope instead of a light microscope.

This question is about the cell cycle.

Chromosomes are copied during the cell cycle.

Where are chromosomes found?

Tick one box.

What is the name of a section of a chromosome that controls a characteristic?

Figure 1 shows information about the cell cycle.

Which stage of the cell cycle in Figure 1 takes the most time?

Tick one box.

During mitosis cells need extra energy.

Which cell structures provide most of this energy?

Tick one box.

The cell cycle in Figure 1 takes two hours in total.

The cell growth stage takes 45 minutes.

Calculate the time taken for mitosis.

Figure 2 shows some cells in different stages of the cell cycle.

Which cell is not dividing by mitosis?

Tick one box.

Cell E in Figure 2 contains 8 chromosomes.

Cell E divides by mitosis.

How many chromosomes will each new cell contain?

Tick one box.

Why is mitosis important in living organisms?

Tick one box.

Plants are made up of cells, tissues and organs.

Draw one line from each level of organisation to the correct plant part.

Level of organisation
Plant part

Figure 3 shows a plant cell drawn to scale.

Where in a plant would the cell in Figure 3 be found?

Tick one box.

Calculate the length of the chloroplast labelled in Figure 3.

Cells in plant roots do not photosynthesise.

Give one reason why.

As a plant grows, new root hair cells are formed from unspecialised cells.

How does an unspecialised cell become a new root hair cell?

Tick one box.

Scientists can clone plants using tissue culture.

Figure 4 shows the process of tissue culture.

Why might scientists want to clone plants?

Tick one box.

What is the advantage of cloning plants using tissue culture?

Tick one box.

The growth medium in Figure 4 helps the plants to grow.

Name one substance in the growth medium.