Alcohols

This question is about alcohols and carboxylic acids.

Alcohols are used as fuels.

A student burned 1.00 g of six alcohols and determined the energy released from each.

Table 8 shows the results.

Calculate the mass of ethanol that must be burned to release the same amount of energy as burning 1.00 g of heptanol.

The energy released in kJ/g varies with the number of carbon atoms in one molecule of each alcohol.

Plot the data from Table 8 on Figure 8.

Estimate the energy released in kJ when 1.00 g of octanol (C₈H₁₇OH) is burned.

Use Figure 8.

Carbon dioxide is produced when alcohols are burned.

Carbon dioxide is identified by bubbling the gas through limewater.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

Limewater is an aqueous solution of

Give the result of the test when carbon dioxide is bubbled through limewater.

Ethanoic acid can be produced from ethanol.

What is reacted with ethanol to produce ethanoic acid?

Tick (✓) one box.

Ethanoic acid contains the functional group –COOH

Complete the displayed structural formula of this functional group.

Ethanoic acid reacts with different compounds.

Draw one line from each compound to a product of the reaction of the compound with ethanoic acid.

Product of the reaction

This question is about alcohols and carboxylic acids.

Alcohols are used as fuels. A student burned 1.00 g of six alcohols and determined the energy released from each. Table 2 shows the results.

Calculate the mass of ethanol that must be burned to release the same amount of energy as burning 1.00 g of heptanol.

The energy released in kJ/g varies with the number of carbon atoms in one molecule of each alcohol. Plot the data from Table 2 on Figure 2.

Estimate the energy released in kJ when 1.00 g of octanol (C₈H₁₇OH) is burned. Use Figure 2.

Carbon dioxide is produced when alcohols are burned. Carbon dioxide is identified by bubbling the gas through limewater.

Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box.

Limewater is an aqueous solution of.

Give the result of the test when carbon dioxide is bubbled through limewater.

Ethanoic acid can be produced from ethanol.

What is reacted with ethanol to produce ethanoic acid? Tick (✓) one box.

Ethanoic acid contains the functional group –COOH Complete the displayed structural formula of this functional group.

Ethanoic acid reacts with different compounds. Draw one line from each compound to a product of the reaction of the compound with ethanoic acid.

Product of the reaction

This question is about ethanol.

The formula of ethanol is C₂H₅OH Complete the displayed structural formula of ethanol.

Which is one use of ethanol? Tick (✓) one box.

Ethanol is used as a solvent in some inks. A student used paper chromatography to show that an ink contained two different dyes. Figure 4 shows the apparatus at the end of the investigation.

Describe a method the student could have used for the investigation.

Ethanol can be produced from sugar solution by fermentation. What must be added to sugar solution to produce ethanol?

E5 and E10 are types of fuel used in cars. These fuels contain ethanol and petrol. Table 6 shows information about E5 and E10.

Calculate the mass of ethanol in 4.4 kg of E5. Give your answer in grams. Use Table 6.

The ethanol in E5 and E10 is produced from sugar. Sugar is produced from plants. Explain why the production of E10 removes more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than the production of E5. Use Table 6.

Table 7 shows the energy content of ethanol and petrol.

Suggest one disadvantage of using E10 instead of E5. Complete the sentence. A disadvantage of using E10 is that

This question is about organic compounds.

Butane is an alkane with small molecules.

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

Butane can be used as a

Poly(propene) is a polymer.

What is the name of the monomer used to produce poly(propene)?

Tick (✓) one box.

Ethene and steam react to produce ethanol.

The equation for the reversible reaction is:

ethene + steam ethanol

The reaction produces a maximum theoretical mass of 400 kg of ethanol from 243 kg of ethene and 157 kg of steam.

A company produces 380 kg of ethanol from 243 kg of ethene and 157 kg of steam.

The percentage yield of ethanol is less than 100%

Calculate the percentage yield of ethanol.

Use the equation:

What are two possible reasons why the percentage yield of ethanol is less than 100%?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Ethanol burns in oxygen.

Balance the equation for the reaction.

Two processes for producing ethanol are:

• fermentation

• hydration (reacting ethene with steam).

Table 5 shows information about the processes.

Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using fermentation to produce ethanol.

Advantage of fermentation 1

Advantage of fermentation 2

Disadvantage of fermentation 1

Disadvantage of fermentation 2

This question is about alkenes and alcohols. Ethene is an alkene produced from large hydrocarbon molecules. Large hydrocarbon molecules are obtained from crude oil by fractional distillation.

Name the process used to produce ethene from large hydrocarbon molecules.

Describe the conditions used to produce ethene from large hydrocarbon molecules.

Ethanol can be produced from ethene and steam. The equation for the reaction is:

The forward reaction is exothermic.

Explain how the conditions for this reaction should be chosen to produce ethanol as economically as possible.

Ethanol can also be produced from sugar solution by adding yeast. Name this process.

Butanol can be produced from sugar solution by adding bacteria. Sugar solution is broken down in similar ways by bacteria and by yeast. Suggest the reaction conditions needed to produce butanol from sugar solution by adding bacteria.

Ethanol and butanol can be used as fuels for cars.

A car needs an average of 1.95 kJ of energy to travel 1 m Ethanol has an energy content of 1300 kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol). Calculate the number of moles of ethanol needed by the car to travel 200 km

When butanol is burned in a car engine, complete combustion takes place. Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of butanol. You do not need to include state symbols.

This question is about ethanol and ethanoic acid.

Ethanol is an alcohol.

Figure 7 shows the displayed structural formula of ethanol.

Figure 7

Draw a circle on Figure 7 around the alcohol functional group.

An ethanol molecule contains atoms of three different elements.

Complete Table 5 to show:

• the name of each element

• the symbol for each element

• the number of atoms of each element in one molecule of ethanol.

Use Figure 7.

Ethanol removes grass stains from clothes.

What type of substance is ethanol when used to remove grass stains?

Tick (✓) one box.

Wine contains ethanol.

Wine is produced from grape juice by fermentation.

Complete the sentence.

Grape juice can be fermented to produce wine because

What is added to grape juice to cause fermentation?

Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid to produce an ester.

What is the name of the ester produced when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid?

Tick (✓) one box.

Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate.

The equation for the reaction is:

What is the name of the liquid produced by this reaction?

Vinegar is a solution that contains ethanoic acid.

400 cm³ of vinegar contains 20 g of ethanoic acid.

Calculate the mass of ethanoic acid in 1.0 dm³ of vinegar.

Methylated spirit is a useful product made from a mixture of substances. Table 1 shows the mass of the substances in a sample of methylated spirit.

What name is given to a useful product such as methylated spirit?

Calculate the percentage by mass of methanol in methylated spirit. Use Table 1.

Methylated spirit contains ethanol and is available cheaply. Methylated spirit also contains:

• pyridine which has a very unpleasant smell

• methyl violet which makes the mixture purple.

Suggest why pyridine and methyl violet are added to ethanol to make methylated spirit.

Suggest one use of methylated spirit.

Describe how ethanol is produced from sugar solution. Give the name of this process.

Figure 2 shows part of the displayed formula for ethanol. Complete Figure 2.

Name the gas produced when sodium is added to ethanol.

Methanol is used to produce methanoic acid. What type of substance reacts with methanol to produce methanoic acid?