Fractional distillation & petrochemicals

This question is about hydrocarbon fuels.

Figure 7 represents the process used to separate hydrocarbon fuels from crude oil.

Name the process represented by Figure 7.

Changes of state take place during the process in Figure 7.

Name the change of state taking place in:

the heater

the column.

Different fuels are obtained from crude oil at the points on Figure 7 labelled A to E.

Table 4 shows the boiling point ranges of different fuels obtained from the process in Figure 7.

Which fuel is obtained at B in the column?

Use Figure 7 and Table 4.

Fuels with higher boiling point ranges contain larger molecules.

What is the order of increasing flammability of the fuels?

Use Table 4.

Tick () one box.

Liquified petroleum gases are a mixture of several different hydrocarbons.

Figure 8 shows a model of one of these hydrocarbons.

Write the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon represented by the model in Figure 8

Name the hydrocarbon represented by the model in Figure 8.

Petroleum gases also contain a hydrocarbon with the formula C₃H₈

Balance the equation for the complete combustion of C₃H₈

This question is about hydrocarbon fuels.

Figure 1 represents the process used to separate hydrocarbon fuels from crude oil.

Name the process represented by Figure 1.

Changes of state take place during the process in Figure 1.

Name the change of state taking place in:

the heater

the column.

Different fuels are obtained from crude oil at the points on Figure 1 labelled A to E.

Table 2 shows the boiling point ranges of different fuels obtained from the process in Figure 1.

Which fuel is obtained at B in the column?

Use Figure 1 and Table 2.

Fuels with higher boiling point ranges contain larger molecules.

What is the order of increasing flammability of the fuels?

Use Table 2.

Tick (✓) one box.

Liquified petroleum gases are a mixture of several different hydrocarbons.

Figure 2 shows a model of one of these hydrocarbons.

Write the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon represented by the model in Figure 2

Name the hydrocarbon represented by the model in Figure 2.

Petroleum gases also contain a hydrocarbon with the formula C₃H₈

Balance the equation for the complete combustion of C₃H₈

This question is about ammonia.

Ammonia is produced from nitrogen and hydrogen in the Haber process.

Hydrogen is produced from methane and steam.

The equation for one of the reactions in the production of hydrogen is:

The forward reaction absorbs energy from the surroundings.

Explain why a high temperature is used in this reaction.

Explain why as low a pressure as possible is used in this reaction.

A nickel catalyst is used in this reaction.

What is the effect of the nickel catalyst on the position of equilibrium?

Tick (✓) one box.

The nitrogen needed in the Haber process is obtained from air.

Calculate the approximate volume of air required to obtain 50 dm³ of nitrogen.

Figure 9 shows how ammonia is produced from nitrogen and hydrogen.

Explain how the mixture of ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen is separated at X.

Ammonia is used to produce fertilisers.

Nitrogen is released into the air when bacteria break down fertilisers and dead plant matter.

One of the reactions during the production of hydrogen from methane (natural gas) releases carbon dioxide into the air.

The use of nitrogen to produce ammonia is more sustainable than the use of hydrogen to produce ammonia.

Give three reasons why.

This question is about glass and polymers.

Beakers can be made from borosilicate glass or poly(propene).

Table 1 shows information about materials used to make beakers.

Suggest two reasons why a Bunsen burner should not be used to heat a liquid in a poly(propene) beaker.

Use Table 1.

Poly(propene) beakers are more expensive than borosilicate glass beakers.

Suggest one reason why using poly(propene) beakers instead of borosilicate glass beakers could save money.

Use Table 1.

Which is a raw material used to make borosilicate glass?

Tick (✓) one box.

Poly(propene) is produced from propene.

The displayed structural formula of propene is:

Table 2 shows some information about the elements in one molecule of propene.

Complete Table 2.

Which structure is the repeating unit of poly(propene)?

Tick (✓) one box.

Poly(propene) is produced in three stages:

• Stage 1: separating large alkane molecules from crude oil

• Stage 2: producing propene molecules from large alkane molecules

• Stage 3: joining many propene molecules together.

Name Stage 1, Stage 2 and Stage 3.

Choose answers from the box.

Stage 1 is.

Stage 2 is.

Stage 3 is.

A molecule of hexene contains a double carbon–carbon bond.

Many hexene molecules join together to form poly(hexene).

Which two words describe a hexene molecule in this process?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

This question is about hydrocarbons in crude oil.

Table 2 shows information about three fractions obtained from crude oil.

Figure 1 shows the fractionating column used to separate fractions A, B and C.

The temperature of the fractionating column is:

• 30 °C at the top

• 400 °C at the bottom.

Complete Figure 1 to show where fractions A, B and C are collected.

Table 3 shows information about three fractions obtained from crude oil.

Complete the sentences. Choose answers from the box.

Table 4 shows the percentage of two fractions obtained from two different sources of crude oil.

Complete Figure 2. You should:

• complete the y-axis scale

• plot the percentage of the heavy fuel oil fraction obtained from source K.

Use Table 4.

Kerosene is in higher demand than heavy fuel oil. Suggest why crude oil from source J is in higher demand than crude oil from source K. Use Table 4.

Large hydrocarbon molecules can be cracked to produce smaller hydrocarbon molecules including alkanes.

Which two of the following can be used to crack large hydrocarbon molecules? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Alkanes have the general formula C_nH_2n+2 Complete the formula of the alkane molecule containing 11 carbon atoms.

C₂H₆ is an alkane. Which type of bond is found in a C₂H₆ molecule? Tick (✓) one box.

Which two substances are produced when alkanes completely combust? Tick (✓) two boxes.

This question is about the fractions obtained from crude oil.

Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractions obtained from crude oil include:

• lubricating oil

• naphtha

• petroleum gases.

Table 3 shows the boiling point range of these fractions.

Explain how these fractions are obtained from crude oil by fractional distillation.

Fractions from crude oil can be processed to produce feedstock for the petrochemical industry. Which two are useful materials produced from this feedstock? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Another fraction obtained from crude oil is petrol.

Petrol contains a hydrocarbon with the formula C₉H₂₀ Complete the equation for the complete combustion of C₉H₂₀ You should balance the equation.

Petrol obtained from crude oil contains sulfur impurities. Explain why sulfur impurities are removed before petrol is burned in car engines.

Table 4 shows information about two more fractions obtained from crude oil.

A student predicted that heavy fuel oil is more viscous than kerosene. The student’s prediction was correct.

Justify the student’s prediction.

The heavy fuel oil fraction can be processed to produce smaller hydrocarbon molecules.

Name the process which produces smaller hydrocarbon molecules from heavy fuel oil. Give the conditions used in this process.

Hydrocarbon molecules containing seven and eight carbon atoms can be produced when heavy fuel oil is processed. Which pair of hydrocarbon molecules would both turn bromine water colourless? Tick (✓) one box.

This question is about alkanes.

Table 6 shows information about some alkanes.

Plot the data from Table 6 on Figure 7.

Predict the boiling point X of the alkane with seven carbon atoms in a molecule.

Use Table 6 and Figure 7.

Figure 7 is not suitable to show the boiling point of the alkane with three carbon atoms in a molecule.

Suggest one reason why.

What is the state at 20 °C of the alkane with four carbon atoms in a molecule?

Use Table 6.

Table 6 is repeated below.

The alkane with nine carbon atoms in a molecule is called nonane.

Complete the formula of nonane.

Nonane will condense lower in a fractionating column during fractional distillation than the other alkanes in Table 6.

Explain why.

You should refer to the temperature gradient in the fractionating column.

This question is about alkanes. Table 1 shows information about some alkanes.

Plot the data from Table 1 on Figure 2.

Predict the boiling point X of the alkane with seven carbon atoms in a molecule. Use Table 1 and Figure 2.

Figure 2 is not suitable to show the boiling point of the alkane with three carbon atoms in a molecule. Suggest one reason why.

What is the state at 20 °C of the alkane with four carbon atoms in a molecule? Use Table 1.

Table 1 is repeated below.

The alkane with nine carbon atoms in a molecule is called nonane.

Complete the formula of nonane.

Nonane will condense lower in a fractionating column during fractional distillation than the other alkanes in Table 1. Explain why. You should refer to the temperature gradient in the fractionating column.

This question is about crude oil and hydrocarbons.

Figure 6 shows a fractionating column used to separate crude oil into fractions.

Table 5 gives information about some of the fractions.

Suggest a suitable temperature for the furnace in Figure 6.

Explain why diesel oil collects above heavy fuel oil but below kerosene in the fractionating column.

Use Table 5.

Suggest two reasons why bitumen is not used as a fuel.

Petrol contains mainly alkanes.

Which of the following compounds is an alkane?

Tick (✓) one box.

Large hydrocarbon molecules in the diesel oil fraction are cracked to produce smaller hydrocarbon molecules.

Describe the conditions needed to crack hydrocarbon molecules from the diesel oil fraction.

Explain why large hydrocarbon molecules in the diesel oil fraction are cracked to produce smaller hydrocarbon molecules.

Complete the equation for the cracking of C₁₅H₃₂

This question is about crude oil and hydrocarbons.

Figure 1 shows a fractionating column used to separate crude oil into fractions.

Table 1 gives information about some of the fractions.

Suggest a suitable temperature for the furnace in Figure 1.

Explain why diesel oil collects above heavy fuel oil but below kerosene in the fractionating column.

Use Table 1.

Suggest two reasons why bitumen is not used as a fuel.

Petrol contains mainly alkanes.

Which of the following compounds is an alkane?

Tick (✓) one box.

Large hydrocarbon molecules in the diesel oil fraction are cracked to produce smaller hydrocarbon molecules.

Describe the conditions needed to crack hydrocarbon molecules from the diesel oil fraction.

Explain why large hydrocarbon molecules in the diesel oil fraction are cracked to produce smaller hydrocarbon molecules.

Complete the equation for the cracking of C₁₅H₃₂