Greenhouse gases and climate change

This question is about burning coal.

A power station has four coal-burning furnaces.

Each furnace burns 3000 kg of coal per minute.

Table 1 shows some information about this coal burning power station

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas.

What is the effect on the rate of global climate change of using more furnaces in this power station?

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

The rate of global climate change

7000 kg of carbon dioxide are produced when 3000 kg of coal are burned.

Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced when 1 kilogram of coal is burned.

Complete the sentence.

Table 1 is repeated below.

Figure 3 shows how the mass of sulfur dioxide produced per minute varies with the mass of coal burned per minute.

Complete Figure 3.

You should:

plot data from Table 1 on Figure 3

draw a line of best fit.

Complete the sentence.

Use Table 1 and Figure 3.

As the mass of coal burned per minute increases, the mass of sulfur dioxide

produced per minute

This power station also releases particulates into the air.

Complete the sentence.

This question is about materials.

Pre-stressed concrete is a composite material.

The concrete is strengthened using high carbon steel bars.

Figure 8 shows the structure of a piece of pre-stressed concrete.

Which two words describe the high carbon steel bars?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate.

Limestone is a raw material used in the production of concrete.

In the first part of the production of concrete:

• air is heated by burning methane

• the hot air is used to heat limestone

• the limestone decomposes.

The equation for the decomposition of limestone is:

calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

Give two ways in which a greenhouse gas is released in this process.

How could a sample of limestone be tested to show the presence of carbonate ions?

Complete the sentences.

Choose answers from the box.

The substance added to the limestone is

The gas produced is identified using

Table 4 gives some information about plain concrete and pre-stressed concrete.

Explain why pre-stressed concrete rather than plain concrete is used to make bridges that carry heavy lorries.

Use Table 4.

Figure 9 shows a garden path made of plain concrete slabs.

Suggest two reasons why plain concrete rather than pre-stressed concrete is used to make slabs for garden paths.

Use Table 4.

This question is about burning fuels in central heating boilers.

In the future, gas central heating boilers may burn hydrogen rather than natural gas.

Table 2 shows information about these fuels when 1 dm³ of the fuel is burned in a central heating boiler.

Explain how oxides of nitrogen are produced when burning fuels.

Explain one positive impact on the environment of burning hydrogen rather than natural gas as a fuel.

Use Table 2.

Explain one negative impact on the environment of burning hydrogen rather than natural gas as a fuel.

Use Table 2.

Air is 20% oxygen.

Calculate the volume of air needed to provide enough oxygen to react with 3.50 dm³ of hydrogen gas.

The equation for the reaction is

Central heating boilers can also burn kerosene.

Kerosene is produced from crude oil in a fractionating column using fractional distillation.

In the first step, crude oil is heated and hydrocarbon vapours are formed.

Explain how kerosene is produced from these hydrocarbon vapours.

This question is about greenhouse gases and climate change.

Which two gases are greenhouse gases?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Why are greenhouse gases essential for supporting life on Earth?

The percentage of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere today is increasing.

Many scientists think that this increase is causing global climate change.

What is a cause of the greenhouse effect?

Complete the sentence.

Greenhouse gases absorb long wavelength

Which two are potential effects of global climate change?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Water vapour is a greenhouse gas.

The percentage by mass of water vapour in the Earth’s atmosphere is 0.25%.

Calculate the mass of water vapour in 350 kg of the Earth’s atmosphere.

Give your answer in grams.

This question is about greenhouse gases and climate change.

Carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases.

Which of the following is also a greenhouse gas? Tick (✓) one box.

In the past 50 years, there has been an increase in:

• the world population

• the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

• the concentration of methane in the atmosphere

• the mean temperature of the atmosphere at the Earth’s surface.

Most scientists think this information can be used to explain climate change.

Explain why the increase in world population may have caused the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Explain why the increase in world population may have caused the increase in the concentration of methane in the atmosphere.

Describe two potential effects of the increase in the mean temperature of the atmosphere at the Earth’s surface.

The mean temperature of the atmosphere at the Earth’s surface has increased. Most scientists think that this has been caused by an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Give one reason why some scientists do not accept this theory.

This question is about ethanol.

The formula of ethanol is C₂H₅OH Complete the displayed structural formula of ethanol.

Which is one use of ethanol? Tick (✓) one box.

Ethanol is used as a solvent in some inks. A student used paper chromatography to show that an ink contained two different dyes. Figure 4 shows the apparatus at the end of the investigation.

Describe a method the student could have used for the investigation.

Ethanol can be produced from sugar solution by fermentation. What must be added to sugar solution to produce ethanol?

E5 and E10 are types of fuel used in cars. These fuels contain ethanol and petrol. Table 6 shows information about E5 and E10.

Calculate the mass of ethanol in 4.4 kg of E5. Give your answer in grams. Use Table 6.

The ethanol in E5 and E10 is produced from sugar. Sugar is produced from plants. Explain why the production of E10 removes more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than the production of E5. Use Table 6.

Table 7 shows the energy content of ethanol and petrol.

Suggest one disadvantage of using E10 instead of E5. Complete the sentence. A disadvantage of using E10 is that

Titan is a moon of the planet Saturn.

Table 2 shows the percentages of some gases in the atmosphere of Titan and in the atmosphere of the Earth.

Which two gases are present in smaller percentages on the Earth than on Titan?

Complete the bar chart in Figure 2 to show the percentages of nitrogen gas and oxygen gas in the Earth’s atmosphere.

Why are algae less likely to photosynthesise on Titan than Earth?

Use Table 2.

Tick (✓) one box.

Titan is warmer than the other moons of Saturn because of the greenhouse effect.

How do greenhouse gases trap energy from the sun?

Tick (✓) one box.

As well as methane, the atmosphere of Titan contains small amounts of propene gas. Methane is an alkane and propene is an alkene.

Bromine water is an orange solution used to identify alkenes.

Draw one line from each gas to its effect on bromine water.

Propene reacts with water (steam) to make propanol.

The ratio of the masses of propene and water that react is:

propene: water

7: 3

Calculate the mass of propene that reacts with 21 g water.

Titan is a moon of the planet Saturn.

Table 3 shows the percentages of the gases in the atmosphere of Titan.

Some scientists think that living organisms could have evolved on Titan.

Explain why these organisms could not have evolved in the same way that life is thought to have evolved on Earth.

Use Table 3.

Saturn has other moons.

The other moons of Saturn have no atmosphere.

Titan is warmer than the other moons of Saturn because its atmosphere contains the greenhouse gas methane.

Explain how this greenhouse gas keeps Titan warmer than the other moons of Saturn.

The atmosphere of Titan contains small amounts of propene.

Describe a test to show that propene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Give the result of the test.