Life cycle assessment

This question is about addition reactions.

Figure 7 shows the displayed structural formula of ethene.

Complete the sentence.

When bromine water is added to ethene, the bromine water changes from orange to

Chlorine reacts with ethene.

What is used to identify chlorine?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which of the following shows the displayed structural formula of the compound produced when chlorine reacts with ethene?

Use Figure 7.

Tick (✓) one box.

Chloroethene can be used to produce a polymer called poly(chloroethene).

The displayed structural formula of chloroethene is

Which represents the structure of poly(chloroethene)?

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Ethene can be used to produce another polymer called poly(ethene).

Table 3 shows information about poly(chloroethene) and poly(ethene).

Determine the simplest whole number ratio of the density of poly(chloroethene): density of poly(ethene).

Simplest whole number ratio =

Poly(ethene) and poly(chloroethene) can both be used to make pipes.

Suggest why neither polymer is suitable for pipes carrying steam at a temperature of 300 °C.

Use Table 3.

Poly(ethene) and paper can both be used to make shopping bags.

Poly(ethene) is produced from crude oil. Paper is produced from trees.

Suggest one reason why paper is more sustainable than poly(ethene) for making shopping bags.

This question is about life cycle assessments (LCAs).

Milk bottles can be made from glass or from a polymer. Table 10 shows information about milk bottles of equal volume.

Evaluate the use of glass for milk bottles compared with the use of a polymer for milk bottles. Use features of life cycle assessments (LCAs) in your answer. Use Table 10.

Milk is also sold in cardboard cartons. A carton is made using 40 cm³ of cardboard.

Calculate the mass of the carton. Use the equation:

This question is about life cycle assessments (LCAs).

Milk bottles can be made from glass or from a polymer. Table 2 shows information about milk bottles of equal volume.

Evaluate the use of glass for milk bottles compared with the use of a polymer for milk bottles. Use features of life cycle assessments (LCAs) in your answer. Use Table 2.

Milk is also sold in cardboard cartons. A carton is made using 40 cm³ of cardboard.

Calculate the mass of the carton. Use the equation:

This question is about materials used to make plates.

Plates are made from ceramics, paper or poly(propene).

Paper plates are biodegradable and recyclable.

Which stage of a life cycle assessment (LCA) would contain this information?

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Which two processes are used to make ceramic plates?

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Poly(propene) is produced from an alkene.

Complete the sentences.

The alkene needed to make poly(propene) is produced from crude oil.

Which two processes are used to produce this alkene from crude oil?

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What type of bond joins the atoms in a molecule of poly(propene)?

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Table 4 shows information about two polymers used to make plates.

What type of polymer is polymer A ?

Use Table 4.

Why does polymer A behave differently to polymer B when heated?

You should refer to crosslinks in your answer.

This question is about materials used to make food plates. Food plates are made from paper, polymers or ceramics.

Table 2 shows information about plates of the same diameter made from each of these materials.

Table 2 does not show information about energy usage. Suggest two pieces of information about energy usage which would help to produce a complete life cycle assessment (LCA) for the three food plate materials.

Evaluate the use of these materials for making food plates. You should use features of life cycle assessments (LCAs). Use Table 2.

Describe how ceramic food plates are produced from clay.

Disposable cups are made from coated paper or poly(styrene). Table 6 shows information on the life cycle assessments (LCAs) of disposable cups.

Evaluate the use of coated paper compared with poly(styrene) to make disposable cups. Use Table 6 and your knowledge and understanding of LCAs.

Calculate the energy needed to produce 1.00 kg of coated paper cups. Use Table 6. Give your answer in standard form.

Melamine is a polymer used to make non-disposable cups. Melamine does not melt when it is heated. Explain why.