Using the Earth's resources and sustainable development

This question is about ammonia.

Ammonia is produced from nitrogen and hydrogen in the Haber process.

Hydrogen is produced from methane and steam.

The equation for one of the reactions in the production of hydrogen is:

The forward reaction absorbs energy from the surroundings.

Explain why a high temperature is used in this reaction.

Explain why as low a pressure as possible is used in this reaction.

A nickel catalyst is used in this reaction.

What is the effect of the nickel catalyst on the position of equilibrium?

Tick (✓) one box.

The nitrogen needed in the Haber process is obtained from air.

Calculate the approximate volume of air required to obtain 50 dm³ of nitrogen.

Figure 9 shows how ammonia is produced from nitrogen and hydrogen.

Explain how the mixture of ammonia, nitrogen and hydrogen is separated at X.

Ammonia is used to produce fertilisers.

Nitrogen is released into the air when bacteria break down fertilisers and dead plant matter.

One of the reactions during the production of hydrogen from methane (natural gas) releases carbon dioxide into the air.

The use of nitrogen to produce ammonia is more sustainable than the use of hydrogen to produce ammonia.

Give three reasons why.

This question is about fuels and energy.

Figure 6 shows the percentage of electricity generated in the UK between 2007 and 2017 using:

• oil

• solar energy.

Describe the changes in the percentage of electricity generated in the UK between 2007 and 2017 using:

• oil

• solar energy.

Use data from Figure 6 in your answer.

Oil contains carbon and some sulfur.

When oil is burned, the products of combustion may be released into the atmosphere.

Explain the environmental effects of releasing these products of combustion into the atmosphere.

Suggest one reason why using solar energy is a more sustainable way of generating electricity than burning oil.

Solar energy may not be able to replace the generation of electricity from fossil fuels completely.

Suggest two reasons why.

This question is about fuels and energy. Figure 1 shows the percentage of electricity generated in the UK between 2007 and 2017 using:

• oil

• solar energy.

Describe the changes in the percentage of electricity generated in the UK between 2007 and 2017 using:

• oil

• solar energy.

Use data from Figure 1 in your answer.

Oil contains carbon and some sulfur. When oil is burned, the products of combustion may be released into the atmosphere. Explain the environmental effects of releasing these products of combustion into the atmosphere.

Suggest one reason why using solar energy is a more sustainable way of generating electricity than burning oil.

Solar energy may not be able to replace the generation of electricity from fossil fuels completely. Suggest two reasons why.

Some central heating boilers use methane as a fuel.

Carbon monoxide detectors are placed near central heating boilers.

Which three properties of carbon monoxide make it necessary to use carbon monoxide detectors?

Choose answers from the box.

Complete the sentence.

Methane produces carbon monoxide when burning in a limited supply of

8 g of methane has a volume of 12 dm³ at room temperature and pressure.

Calculate the mass of 36 dm³ of methane.

Most methane is obtained from natural gas, which is a fossil fuel.

Methane can also be produced renewably.

Which two are renewable sources of methane?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Hydrogen is a raw material in the Haber process.

Hydrogen is produced from methane.

The word equation for the reaction is:

methane + steam carbon monoxide + hydrogen

How can you tell that the reaction is reversible?

The forward reaction is endothermic.

Name the type of energy change in the reverse reaction.

A nickel catalyst is used in this reaction.

Why is a catalyst used in this reaction?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

The Haber process also uses nitrogen to produce ammonia.

Figure 1 shows how the world production of ammonia changed between 1950 and 2010.

Describe how the world production of ammonia changed between 1950 and 2010.

Most of the ammonia produced is used to make fertilisers.

Why did the world production of ammonia change between 1950 and 2010?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Table 1 shows data about four fertilisers, A, B, C and D.

Which combination of fertilisers A, B, C and D provides all of the elements needed for an NPK fertiliser?

Use Table 1.

Tick (✓) one box.

Which fertiliser is not made using ammonia?

Use Table 1.

Tick (✓) one box.

This question is about combustion of fuels.

Some central heating boilers use wood as a fuel.

Suggest two reasons why wood is more sustainable than natural gas as a fuel for central heating boilers.

Natural gas is mainly methane.

When methane burns it can produce both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

Explain the process by which carbon monoxide can be produced when methane is burned.

Balance the equation for the combustion of methane to produce carbon monoxide.

Propane burns to form carbon dioxide and water.

The equation for the reaction is:

3.60 dm³ carbon dioxide is produced when a sample of propane is burned in

Calculate the volume of unreacted oxygen.

Give your answer in cm³

This question is about polymers.

Polyesters are produced when monomers join together and lose a small molecule. Name the small molecule lost.

Poly(propene) is produced from propene. Complete the structure of poly(propene) in the equation.

Carpets are made from:

• poly(propene)

• wool

• a mixture of poly(propene) and wool.

Poly(propene) wears out more slowly than wool. A mixture of poly(propene) and wool to make carpets is more sustainable than using just poly(propene) or just wool. Suggest why.

Polymer fibres are used to make firefighter uniforms. Table 3 shows some properties of two polymer fibres.

Evaluate the suitability of poly(propene) and polyester for firefighter uniforms.