Sodium is an element that can be found in the Periodic Table.
A sodium atom contains 11 electrons.
Which statement about sodium is true ?
A Sodium is in Group 2 of the Periodic Table.
B Sodium is in Period 2 of the Periodic Table.
C Sodium is in Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
D Sodium is in Group 3 of the Periodic Table.
[1]
Carbon dioxide exists as a simple molecule.
Why do simple molecules have low boiling points?
A Simple molecules have weak covalent bonds between atoms.
B Simple molecules have weak intermolecular forces between atoms.
C Simple molecules have weak ionic bonds between the molecules.
D Simple molecules have weak intermolecular forces between the molecules.
[1]
Mendeleev’s arrangement of elements led to our modern Periodic Table.
How did Mendeleev arrange the elements in his Periodic Table?
A In order of decreasing atomic mass and similar physical properties.
B In order of increasing atomic number and similar physical properties.
C In order of decreasing atomic number and similar chemical properties.
D In order of increasing atomic mass and similar chemical properties.
[1]
[1]
Carbon can form different allotropes.
Which of these are allotropes of carbon?
A Diamond, graphite, graphene.
B Diamond, granite, graphite.
C Fullerene, graphene, ethene.
D Granite, graphite, graphene.
[1]
Magnesium reacts with copper oxide.
Magnesium oxide and copper are made.
Which substance is the reducing agent ?
A Copper
B Copper oxide
C Magnesium
D Magnesium oxide
[1]
The atomic radius of a helium atom is 0.031 nm.
What is the atomic radius of a helium atom in standard form?
3.1 × 10−1 A
3.1 × 10−2 B
3.1 × 10−3 C
3.1 × 10−4 D
[1]
What is the electronic structure of sulfur?
A 2
B 2, 6
C 2, 8, 6
D 2, 8, 8, 6
[1]
The melting point of bromine is −7 °C.
The boiling point of bromine is 59 °C.
What state would bromine be at room temperature?
A Aqueous
B Gas
C Liquid
D Solid
[1]
Avogadro’s constant has a value of 6.02 × 1023. 10
How many oxygen atoms are in 0.25 moles of oxygen molecules?
1.204 × 1024 A
1.505 × 1023 B
3.010 × 1023 C
6.020 × 1023 D
[1]
Methane burns in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide made when 6.4 g of methane is burnt.
A 2.8 g
B 4.4 g
C 14.4 g
D 17.6 g
[1]
Paper chromatography can be used to separate the colours in ink.
Water is the solvent used to separate the colours in water soluble ink.
What name is given to the water used in paper chromatography?
A Absorption phase
B Liquid phase
C Mobile phase
D Stationary phase
[1]
[1]
During the electrolysis of molten lead bromide, bromine is made at the anode.
Which half equation shows that bromine is made at the anode?
[1]
Which of these substances has a giant covalent structure ?
A Carbon dioxide
B Magnesium oxide
C Sulfur dioxide
D Silicon dioxide
[1]
Lithium is a metal found in Group 1 of the Periodic Table.
Describe the structure and bonding in a metal.
You may include a diagram in your answer.
[2]
Lithium is malleable even though metallic bonds are strong.
Explain why metals are malleable.
[1]
Lithium can conduct electricity in the solid and liquid state.
Explain why metals can conduct electricity.
[2]
[2]
The scientist uses the particle model to show the elements present in alloy B.
Look at her diagram.
Calculate the percentage of lithium atoms in the diagram of alloy B.
[1]
Use your answer to part (c)(i) to explain if the diagram accurately shows the structure of alloy B.
[1]
A new sun cream has been developed using zinc oxide nanoparticles.
The small particles provide better protection from the sun and they do not leave white marks on the skin.
Explain one possible risk of using nanoparticles in sun cream.
[1]
A cube-shaped nanoparticle has sides of length 50 nm.
Calculate the surface area to volume ratio for this nanoparticle.
Use the equation: ratio = surface area ÷ volume
[4]
Scientists compare the size of nanoparticles to the sizes of other small objects.
| Object | Diameter (nm) |
| Gold atom | 0.14 |
| Water molecule | 0.27 |
| DNA strand | 2.5 |
| Zinc oxide nanoparticle | 32 |
| Red blood cell | 7000 |
| Human hair | 100 000 |
The diameter of a DNA strand is 2.5 nm.
Explain why DNA is a nanoparticle but a water molecule is not a nanoparticle.
[2]
Calculate how many zinc oxide nanoparticles would fit across a human hair.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
[2]
Simple distillation can be used to separate mixtures of liquids.
A scientist is using simple distillation to separate a mixture of alcohols.
Look at the table. It shows the boiling points of three alcohols.
| Alcohol | Boiling point (°C) |
| Methanol | 65 |
| Ethanol | 78 |
| Propanol | 97 |
[2]
Simple distillation uses evaporation and condensation to separate mixtures.
Describe the change in the arrangement of particles as substances evaporate.
[1]
Describe the change in the movement of particles as substances evaporate.
[1]
The scientist wants to improve the separation of the mixture of alcohols.
Suggest a piece of equipment he could use.
Explain how this will improve the separation of the mixture of alcohols.
[2]
Ethanol can be used as a biofuel. The combustion of ethanol is an exothermic reaction.
Explain why combustion is an exothermic reaction.
Use ideas about bond breaking and bond making in your answer.
[1]
Methanol is another biofuel that can be used in combustion reactions.
Look at the table. It shows some bond energies.
| Bond | Bond energy (kJ / mol) |
| C−H | 413 |
| O=O | 498 |
| C−O | 358 |
| C=O | 805 |
| O−H | 464 |
Calculate the energy transferred to break all the bonds in the reactants.
Energy transferred =........ kJ / mol
[2]
Calculate the energy transferred when all the bonds form in the products.
Energy transferred =........ kJ / mol
[2]
Use your answers to parts (i) and (ii) to calculate the energy change for this reaction.
Energy change =........ kJ / mol
[1]
[2]
What is meant by physical property?
[1]
Element C burns in oxygen to make white clouds of its oxide.
Describe how you could test the oxide to find out if the element is a metal.
[3]
Chlorine is a non-metal.
Chlorine has two common isotopes.
Look at the information about the common isotopes of chlorine.
Complete the table to show the atomic structure for each isotope of chlorine.
| Isotope | Number of protons | Number of neutrons | Number of electrons |
| Chlorine-35 | ........................... | ........................... | ........................... |
| Chlorine-37 | ........................... | ........................... | ........................... |
[2]
Chlorine gas, Cl2, reacts with barium, Ba.
Barium chloride, BaCl2, is made.
Write a balanced half equation for chlorine in this reaction.
[1]
Barium chloride solution reacts with sodium sulfate solution, Na2SO4.
A white precipitate of barium sulfate, BaSO4, is made.
Write a balanced ionic equation to show the formation of barium sulfate.
Include state symbols.
[2]
Plot a graph of the pH value against the amount of hydrochloric acid added and draw a line of best fit.
[3]
Use your graph to estimate the volume of hydrochloric acid when the pH is 10.
[1]
[1]
Acidic solutions contain hydrogen ions, H +. Alkaline solutions contain hydroxide ions, (iv) OH −.
Write the balanced ionic equation for neutralisation.
[1]
Hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq), is a strong acid. Ethanoic acid, CH3COOH (aq), is a weak acid.
Explain the difference between a strong and a weak acid.
[2]
Nitric acid, HNO3, is another strong acid.
Nitric acid has a pH of 2.
The teacher adds enough water to reduce the concentration of the nitric acid by a factor of 100.
Calculate the new pH of the nitric acid.
[2]
Nitric acid, HNO3, can also neutralise sodium hydroxide, NaOH.
Sodium nitrate, NaNO3, and water are made.
Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.
[1]
Describe how dry sodium nitrate crystals can be made using this reaction.
[2]
Sodium chloride, NaC l, is an ionic compound.
Sodium chloride forms a giant ionic lattice that can be represented using different models.
Look at the diagrams. They show two models of sodium chloride.
Space-filling model
Ball-and-stick model
A scientist thinks the ball-and-stick model should be used to model ionic compounds.
Describe two limitations of using the ball-and-stick model for ionic compounds.
[2]
Ionic compounds can also be modelled using a dot-and-cross diagram.
Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the ions in sodium chloride.
[2]
* A student investigates the electrolysis of potassium bromide solution.
He notices that different products are formed at each electrode.
Explain the formation of the products during the electrolysis of potassium bromide solution.
[6]
Lead is most commonly extracted from an ore called galena, PbS.
Extracting lead from the galena ore involves two steps.
Step 1: The galena ore is roasted in air to produce lead oxide, PbO.
Step 2: The lead oxide is heated in a blast furnace with carbon.
The reaction in step 1 is an exothermic reaction.
Draw a labelled reaction profile diagram for an exothermic reaction.
Label the activation energy and the energy change on your diagram.
[4]
In step 2 the lead oxide is reduced by carbon.
Explain, in terms of electron transfer, why carbon is called a reducing agent in this reaction.
[1]
Solid lead reacts with nitric acid, HNO3.
Lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2, nitrogen oxide, NO, and water are made.
Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.
[2]
How many moles of lead nitrate would be produced if 20.7 g of lead reacts with nitric acid?
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
[4]
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