Reducing the use of resources

Metals are found in the Earth’s crust as the metal itself or as a metal compound.

Why is gold found in the Earth as the metal itself?

Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide by electrolysis.

The electrolyte is a molten mixture of aluminium oxide and cryolite.

Aluminium cannot be extracted from aluminium oxide using carbon.

Give one reason why.

Give two reasons why large amounts of energy are needed for the electrolysis of aluminium oxide.

Recycling aluminium needs less energy than extracting new aluminium.

Table 4 shows the energy needed for 1 kg of aluminium to be:

extracted

recycled.

Calculate the percentage decrease in energy needed when aluminium is recycled instead of extracted.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Metals are found in the Earth’s crust as the metal itself or as a metal compound.

Why is gold found in the Earth as the metal itself?

Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide by electrolysis.

The electrolyte is a molten mixture of aluminium oxide and cryolite.

Aluminium cannot be extracted from aluminium oxide using carbon.

Give one reason why.

Give two reasons why large amounts of energy are needed for the electrolysis of aluminium oxide.

Recycling aluminium needs less energy than extracting new aluminium.

Table 1 shows the energy needed for 1 kg of aluminium to be:

extracted

recycled.

Calculate the percentage decrease in energy needed when aluminium is recycled instead of extracted.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated into fractions using fractional distillation.

Figure 8 shows a fractional distillation column.

What is the name of the process that produces the diesel oil fraction at Z on Figure 8 ?

Tick () one box.

Condensing

Freezing

Melting

Different hydrocarbons have different-sized molecules.

Enlarge

Crude oil contains different percentages of each fraction.

Table 4 shows information about petrol and heavy fuel oil.

The supply of petrol is not enough to meet the demand for petrol.

The additional petrol needed can be produced by cracking other fractions.

Cracking breaks down larger molecules into smaller molecules.

Give two reasons why heavy fuel oil is a suitable fraction to be cracked to produce petrol.

The products of cracking include another type of hydrocarbon called alkenes.

Small alkene molecules can join together to produce long-chain molecules.

What type of reaction produces long-chain molecules?

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Decomposition

Oxidation

Polymerisation

Plastics are produced from alkenes.

Drinks can be sold in plastic bottles or glass bottles.

Table 5 shows information about some plastic bottles and some glass bottles.

Explain why less energy is used to transport the same volume of liquid in plastic bottles than in glass bottles.

Some plastic bottles are disposed of as waste in landfill sites.

Suggest two ways that people can reduce the environmental impact of plastic bottles.

This question is about metal extraction and recycling.

Most metals are found in the Earth as metal compounds.

Why is gold found in the Earth as the metal itself?

How is aluminium extracted from aluminium compounds?

Tick (✓) one box.

By displacement

By electrolysis

By reduction with carbon

Iron is extracted from iron oxide.

An oxide ion is an oxygen atom that has gained two electrons.

What is the formula of an oxide ion?

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O₂ O²⁻ O²⁺

Iron oxide is heated with carbon to produce iron and carbon dioxide.

The word equation for the reaction is:

Which substance is oxidised in the reaction?

Iron is used to make steel.

Scrap steel can be recycled.

Give two environmental advantages of recycling scrap steel instead of making new steel from iron.

Table 3 shows information about scrap steel in one year.

Calculate the percentage (%) of scrap steel that was recycled in one year.

Figure 5 shows metal food and drink cans.

The metal cans are made from steel or aluminium.

Which property of steel means that steel can be separated from aluminium at a recycling centre?

This question is about iron and steel.

Figure 18 shows a flow chart for the production of iron and steel from iron ore.

Iron ore consists mainly of iron oxide.

In the blast furnace iron oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to form iron and carbon dioxide.

Complete the equation for the reaction between iron oxide and carbon monoxide.

You should balance the equation.

Iron oxide is reduced in the reaction with carbon monoxide.

What does ‘reduced’ mean in this reaction?

Cast iron is an alloy.

Cast iron contains carbon.

Figure 19 shows the arrangement of atoms in pure iron and in cast iron.

Explain why cast iron is harder than pure iron.

In addition to cast iron, scrap steel is added to the steel-making furnace.

Give three environmental advantages of recycling scrap steel in this way.

This question is about iron and steel.

Figure 4 shows a flow chart for the production of iron and steel from iron ore.

Iron ore consists mainly of iron oxide.

In the blast furnace iron oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to form iron and carbon dioxide.

Complete the equation for the reaction between iron oxide and carbon monoxide.

You should balance the equation.

Iron oxide is reduced in the reaction with carbon monoxide.

What does ‘reduced’ mean in this reaction?

Cast iron is an alloy.

Cast iron contains carbon.

Figure 5 shows the arrangement of atoms in pure iron and in cast iron.

Explain why cast iron is harder than pure iron.

In addition to cast iron, scrap steel is added to the steel-making furnace.

Give three environmental advantages of recycling scrap steel in this way.

This question is about polymers and plastics.

Figure 12 shows the displayed formula for poly(chloroethene).

What does ‘n’ represent in the displayed formula for poly(chloroethene)?

The representation of poly(chloroethene) in Figure 12 does not show the actual structure of the molecule.

Give one reason why.

Poly(chloroethene) is commonly known as PVC.

PVC does not decompose in the ground.

Many polymer plastics like PVC become pollutant waste in the oceans.

In the oceans, PVC can break into smaller pieces.

The smaller pieces are called PVC nanoplastic.

A piece of PVC nanoplastic has a thickness of 50 nm

Calculate the thickness of the PVC nanoplastic in metres.

Give your answer in standard form.

1 nm = 0.000 000 001 m

Suggest two reasons why PVC nanoplastic can be harmful to marine life.

Suggest two ways to reduce plastic waste.

This question is about polymers and plastics.

Figure 1 shows the displayed formula for poly(chloroethene).

What does ‘n’ represent in the displayed formula for poly(chloroethene)?

The representation of poly(chloroethene) in Figure 1 does not show the actual structure of the molecule.

Give one reason why.

Poly(chloroethene) is commonly known as PVC.

PVC does not decompose in the ground.

Many polymer plastics like PVC become pollutant waste in the oceans.

In the oceans, PVC can break into smaller pieces.

The smaller pieces are called PVC nanoplastic.

A piece of PVC nanoplastic has a thickness of 50 nm

Calculate the thickness of the PVC nanoplastic in metres.

Give your answer in standard form.

1 nm = 0.000 000 001 m

Suggest two reasons why PVC nanoplastic can be harmful to marine life.

Suggest two ways to reduce plastic waste.

A teacher extracted copper from copper oxide.

This is the method used.

1. Mix 1.30 g of zinc and 1.59 g of copper oxide.

2. Heat the mixture strongly.

3. When the mixture starts to glow, stop heating.

4. Let the glow spread through the mixture.

5. Leave the mixture to cool.

This reaction is exothermic.

Which part of the method shows the reaction is exothermic?

Tick one box.

The equation for the reaction between zinc and copper oxide is:

1.30 g of zinc fully reacted with 1.59 g of copper oxide to produce 1.62 g of zinc oxide.

What mass of copper was produced?

What is the physical state of zinc oxide in the reaction?

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Which substance has been oxidised in the reaction?

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What type of reaction takes place when zinc reacts with copper oxide?

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Copper is a metal.

Which structure represents the arrangement of atoms in pure copper?

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Copper is used in electrical wiring.

Give one reason why.

In the UK, 40% of the copper we use is recycled copper.

The other 60% is copper obtained by mining.

What is the simplest ratio of recycled copper to copper obtained by mining?

Tick one box.

What are two advantages of recycling copper?

Tick two boxes.