AQA GCSE Synergy Paper 4: Physical sciences Foundation June 2023 question paper 8465/4F

The stopping distance of a vehicle depends on the thinking distance and the braking distance.

What is meant by ‘thinking distance’?

Tick (✓) one box.

The distance travelled before a vehicle stops.

The distance travelled while the driver reacts.

The time taken for a driver to react.

The time taken for the vehicle to stop.

What would increase the braking distance of a vehicle?

Tick (✓) one box.

Ice on the road surface

Sunny weather

Using a mobile phone while driving

What is the name of the force which causes the vehicle to decelerate when the brakes are applied?

Tick (✓) one box.

Friction

Upthrust

Weight

Figure 1 shows how the braking distance of two cars varies with speed.

How does the braking distance of the two cars vary with speed?

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The braking distance decreases as speed increases.

The braking distance is not affected by speed.

The braking distance increases as speed increases.

To make a fair comparison between the braking distance of the two cars, the mass of each car was the same.

Calculate the weight of a car.

mass = 850 kg

gravitational field strength = 9.8 N/kg

Use the equation:

weight = mass × gravitational field strength

Choose the unit from the box.

Which two variables should be kept the same to make a fair comparison of the braking distance of the two cars?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

The age of the driver

The caffeine intake of the driver

The colour of the car

The number of people in the car

The type of road surface

Table 1 shows the braking force on each car at a speed of 31 m/s.

The braking distance of car A was longer than the braking distance of car B at a speed of 31 m/s.

Explain why.

Use data from Table 1.

This question is about Group 7 elements.

Figure 2 shows some Group 7 elements in the periodic table.

What is the name of the Group 7 elements?

Tick (✓) one box.

Alkali metals

Halogens

Noble gases

Which element in Figure 2 has the highest melting point?

A fluorine atom has 9 electrons.

What is the electronic structure of a fluorine atom?

Tick (✓) one box.

2,3,4

2,7

4,3,2

7,2

What type of structure does chlorine have?

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Giant covalent

Ionic lattice

Small molecules

Name the compound produced when potassium reacts with iodine.

A less reactive Group 7 element can be displaced from an aqueous solution of its salt by a more reactive Group 7 element.

Complete Table 2 to show if a reaction occurs when the element is added to the aqueous solution.

Use: ✓ where a reaction occurs ✗ where there is no reaction.

A student investigated resistance in a circuit.

The student measured: the current in the resistor with an ammeter the potential difference across the resistor with a voltmeter.

Figure 3 shows a circuit diagram.

Which letter on Figure 3 shows the correct position for the ammeter to measure the current in the resistor?

Tick (✓) one box.

J K L

Draw the circuit symbol for a voltmeter in the box below.

The student changed the number of identical resistors in the circuit.

The student calculated the total resistance of the resistors.

Figure 4 shows the results.

Draw a line of best fit on Figure 4.

Predict the total resistance when 5 resistors were connected in the circuit.

You should extend your line of best fit.

How were the identical resistors connected in the student’s circuit?

Use Figure 4.

Tick (✓) one box.

The resistors were connected in parallel.

The resistors were connected in series.

The resistors were connected in series and in parallel.

Give a reason for your answer.

The potential difference across the battery was 3.0 V.

The maximum current in the circuit in the student’s investigation was 0.25 A.

Calculate the maximum power output of the battery in the student’s investigation.

Use the equation:

power = potential difference × current

This question is about metal extraction and recycling.

Most metals are found in the Earth as metal compounds.

Why is gold found in the Earth as the metal itself?

How is aluminium extracted from aluminium compounds?

Tick (✓) one box.

By displacement

By electrolysis

By reduction with carbon

Iron is extracted from iron oxide.

An oxide ion is an oxygen atom that has gained two electrons.

What is the formula of an oxide ion?

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O₂ O²⁻ O²⁺

Iron oxide is heated with carbon to produce iron and carbon dioxide.

The word equation for the reaction is:

Which substance is oxidised in the reaction?

Iron is used to make steel.

Scrap steel can be recycled.

Give two environmental advantages of recycling scrap steel instead of making new steel from iron.

Table 3 shows information about scrap steel in one year.

Calculate the percentage (%) of scrap steel that was recycled in one year.

Figure 5 shows metal food and drink cans.

The metal cans are made from steel or aluminium.

Which property of steel means that steel can be separated from aluminium at a recycling centre?

A student investigated the rate of the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.

The word equation for the reaction is:

calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide

Figure 6 shows the apparatus.

This is the method used.

1. Add 50 cm³ of hydrochloric acid to the conical flask.

2. Add 2.0 g of calcium carbonate to the conical flask.

3. Immediately insert the stopper into the conical flask and start the timer.

4. Record the volume of gas collected in the gas syringe every 30 seconds.

5. Stop recording when the volume of gas in the gas syringe does not change.

Which piece of equipment is the most suitable to measure the volume of hydrochloric acid?

Tick (✓) one box.

Beaker

Measuring cylinder

Test tube

Name one piece of equipment that can be used to measure the mass of calcium carbonate.

Why must the stopper be inserted immediately after the reactants are added to the flask?

Figure 7 shows the results.

Describe the trend for the volume of gas collected.

Use Figure 7.

Determine the mean rate of reaction from 0 to 30 seconds.

Use Figure 7.

Use the equation:

Choose the unit from the box.

What is the minimum amount of energy that particles must have to react?

Tick (✓) one box.

Activation energy

Kinetic energy

Potential energy

Permanent magnets have a magnetic field around them.

The Earth has a magnetic field.

Which part of the Earth’s internal structure creates the magnetic field?

Tick (✓) one box.

The crust

The mantle

The outer core

A magnetic compass contains a bar magnet.

Which diagram shows the magnetic field around a bar magnet?

Tick (✓) one box.

A student wrapped insulated wire around an iron bar to make an electromagnet.

Figure 8 shows the electromagnet held in a clamp and connected to a circuit.

When the switch was closed, the electromagnet attracted paper clips.

The student investigated how the number of turns of wire on the iron bar affected the strength of the electromagnet.

This is the method used.

1. Wrap 20 turns of wire around the iron bar.

2. Hold the paper clips near the bottom of the electromagnet.

3. Close the switch.

4. Count the number of paper clips the electromagnet picks up.

5. Open the switch.

6. Repeat steps 1 to 5, but with more turns of wire around the iron bar.

The student used the same value of current throughout the investigation.

What type of variable was the current?

Tick (✓) one box.

Control variable

Dependent variable

Independent variable

Table 4 shows the results.

When there was no wire wrapped around the iron bar, no paper clips were picked up.

Draw a ring around the anomalous result in Table 4.

The student did not take another reading to replace the anomalous result.

What did the student do with the anomalous result when calculating the mean?

Figure 9 is a graph of the results.

How many paper clips would be picked up when 70 turns of wire are wrapped around the iron bar?

The investigation was repeated using a larger current.

Draw a line on Figure 9 to show the expected results.

A student threw a ball vertically upwards into the air.

Figure 10 is a velocity-time graph of the ball’s motion after leaving the student’s hand until the ball reaches maximum height.

Air resistance has been ignored.

The maximum height is equal to the area between the line and the horizontal axis.

Calculate the maximum height reached by the ball.

Use Figure 10.

Calculate the gradient of the line in Figure 10.

Use the equation:

What does the gradient of the line in Figure 10 represent?

Tick (✓) one box.

The deceleration of the ball.

The distance travelled by the ball.

The speed of the ball.

In Figure 10 air resistance was ignored.

What would happen to the motion of the ball in Figure 10 if air resistance was included?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

The deceleration would be greater.

The final speed would be greater.

The initial kinetic energy would be less.

The initial velocity would be less.

The maximum height of the ball would be less.

The student threw a second ball vertically upwards into the air.

The maximum height reached by the second ball was 5.0 m.

The student caught the ball at the same height that the ball was thrown from.

The displacement of the ball is the straight-line distance between the start height and the end height.

What is the total distance the ball travels?

Tick (✓) one box.

0.0 m

5.0 m

10.0 m

What is the displacement of the ball when the student catches the ball?

Tick (✓) one box.

0.0 m

5.0 m

10.0 m

This question is about hydrocarbon fuels.

The complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel produces carbon dioxide and one other product.

Name the other product of the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel.

Do not refer to carbon dioxide.

Describe the test for carbon dioxide.

Give the result if carbon dioxide is present.

The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels releases energy.

A student investigated the energy released by three different fuels A, B and C.

Figure 11 shows the apparatus.

This is part of the method used.

1. Put fuel A in the burner.

2. Pour 100 cm³ of water into the conical flask.

3. Record the temperature of the water.

4. Light the fuel and heat the water for 5 minutes.

5. Record the final temperature of the water.

6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 using fuel B and then using fuel C.

The student also determined the mass of fuel burnt.

Describe how the student could determine the mass of fuel burnt.

Give one control variable in the investigation.

Table 5 shows the results.

Explain how Table 5 shows that fuel C released the most energy per gram of fuel.

The student repeated the investigation with screens around the apparatus.

Figure 12 shows the apparatus with screens.

Give one reason why putting screens around the apparatus could improve the accuracy of the investigation.

How would stirring the water improve the accuracy of the investigation?

A solar cell generates a potential difference when light shines on its surface. A student investigated how the potential difference varied with the light intensity at the surface of the solar cell.

Figure 13 shows some of the equipment used by the student.

The voltmeter displayed the potential difference generated by the solar cell.

The student varied the light intensity by changing the height of the torch above the solar cell.

Figure 14 shows the results.

Describe a method the student could have used to obtain the results shown in Figure 14.

The circuit symbol for a solar cell is:

Figure 15 shows the solar cell in a circuit with an LED and a resistor.

Figure 16 shows how the current in the LED varies with the potential difference across the LED.

What is the range of potential difference values for which the LED emits light in Figure 16 ?

Range of values = ______________________ to ______________________ V

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer questions 09.3 and 09.4.

Which equation links current (I), potential difference (V) and resistance (R)?

Tick (✓) one box.

Determine the resistance of the LED when the potential difference across the LED is 2.7 V.

Use Figure 16.

Describe how the resistance of the LED varies as the p.d. increases from 0 V to 3.7 V.

Use data from Figure 16.

Figure 17 shows two different designs of wind turbine.

To generate electricity, the three-blade wind turbine rotates about an axis.

To generate electricity, the bladeless wind turbine oscillates from side to side.

Table 6 gives information about the two designs.

To generate electricity, the bladeless wind turbine oscillates from side to side.

Figure 18 shows the direction of the oscillations of the bladeless wind turbine.

Figure 19 shows how the power output of the bladeless turbine varies with the frequency of the oscillation.

Describe how the power output of the bladeless turbine varies with frequency.

The energy from wind turbines can be used to recharge a battery.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet to answer questions 10.3 and 10.4.

Which equation links charge flow (Q), current (I) and time (t)?

Tick (✓) one box.

Q = I t

Q = I² t

To fully recharge the battery, a charge of 216 000 C needs to flow through the battery.

The current in the battery is 5.0 A.

Calculate the time taken to fully recharge the battery.

Give the unit.