Eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells

This question is about cells.

Figure 1 shows a muscle cell.

The nucleus and cytoplasm are parts of a muscle cell.

Draw one line from each part of the muscle cell to the correct label from Figure 1.

What is the function of the nucleus?

What part of a cell controls the movement of substances into the cell?

Figure 2 shows a bacterial cell.

What type of cell is the bacterial cell in Figure 2 ?

Tick () one box.

Which are two features of bacterial cells?

Tick () two boxes.

Stem cells are cells that are not specialised.

Stem cells can be collected from human bone marrow.

What type of stem cells are found in bone marrow?

Tick () one box.

Which process produces stem cells in humans?

Tick () one box.

Stem cells can be used to produce blood cells.

A blood transfusion is when a patient is given blood cells.

Table 1 compares two different methods of providing blood cells that can be given to a patient.

A scientist stated:

‘Blood cells produced from stem cells are better to use for a blood transfusion than blood cells from a donation.’

Suggest two reasons that support the scientist’s statement.

This question is about microscopy.

Figure 3 shows bacteria viewed using a microscope.

What type of microscope was used to view the bacteria in Figure 3 ?

Give a reason for your answer.

Type of microscope

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic cells.

Give three ways that a prokaryotic cell is different from a eukaryotic cell.

Figure 4 shows a special slide used to determine the size of a cell viewed using a microscope.

Calculate the magnification of the cell shown in Figure 4.

Bacteria can cause a variety of diseases in humans.

What are two similarities between a bacterial cell and an animal cell?

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Salmonella food poisoning is caused by bacteria in food.

Give one symptom of salmonella food poisoning.

Do not refer to vomiting or diarrhoea in your answer.

What is the name of the first antibiotic developed?

A child with a severe bacterial infection was given a course of antibiotics.

Figure 7 shows how the concentration of live bacteria in the child’s body changed when taking the course of antibiotics.

The concentration of live bacteria in the body continued to increase after starting the course of antibiotics.

Suggest one reason why.

After 3 days of taking the antibiotic:

• the child felt better

• there were still bacteria in the child’s body.

Why did the child feel better?

Tick (✓) one box.

Suggest why doctors do not give antibiotics to patients with minor infections.

Figure 8 shows blood viewed using a microscope.

A vaccine will stimulate the production of antibodies.

Which part of the blood in Figure 8 produces antibodies?

Tick (✓) one box.

Which part of the blood in Figure 8 starts the clotting process?

Tick (✓) one box.

Bacteria can cause a variety of diseases in humans.

What are two similarities between a bacterial cell and an animal cell? Tick (✓) two boxes.

Salmonella food poisoning is caused by bacteria in food. Give one symptom of salmonella food poisoning. Do not refer to vomiting or diarrhoea in your answer.

What is the name of the first antibiotic developed?

A child with a severe bacterial infection was given a course of antibiotics.

Figure 1 shows how the concentration of live bacteria in the child’s body changed when taking the course of antibiotics.

The concentration of live bacteria in the body continued to increase after starting the course of antibiotics. Suggest one reason why.

After 3 days of taking the antibiotic:

• the child felt better

• there were still bacteria in the child’s body.

Why did the child feel better? Tick (✓) one box.

Suggest why doctors do not give antibiotics to patients with minor infections.

Figure 2 shows blood viewed using a microscope.

A vaccine will stimulate the production of antibodies. Which part of the blood in Figure 2 produces antibodies? Tick (✓) one box.

Which part of the blood in Figure 2 starts the clotting process? Tick (✓) one box.

Cells are the basic units of all forms of life.

Describe four differences between a bacterial cell and a plant cell.

Gonorrhoea is a bacterial disease. A new vaccine is being developed against gonorrhoea. Describe how a vaccine would work to prevent gonorrhoea.

Another disease caused by bacteria is salmonella food poisoning. In the UK, chickens are vaccinated against Salmonella bacteria to reduce the number of cases of food poisoning in humans.

Explain how vaccinating chickens reduces the number of cases of salmonella food poisoning.

Give one way that the spread of salmonella food poisoning from one human to another is controlled. Do not refer to vaccination in your answer.

The number of cases of salmonella food poisoning is usually higher in summer than in winter. Suggest one reason why.

Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases.

What type of pathogen causes malaria? Tick (✓) one box.

Give two methods used to prevent people catching malaria. Give a reason why each method works.

Describe two differences between a bacterial cell and a eukaryotic cell.

A scientist investigated the population growth of bacteria in a culture solution. At the start of the investigation the culture solution contained all the nutrients the bacteria needed. The scientist determined the number of living bacterial cells in the solution every hour over two days. Figure 5 shows the apparatus used.

Describe why there are air holes in the cap of the culture bottle.

Figure 6 shows the scientist’s results.

Give one reason for what is happening to the number of bacteria at each of the stages.

Figure 7 shows two cubes. Cube X represents a bacterial cell. Cube Y represents a small multicellular organism.

A bacterial cell can absorb all the nutrients it needs by diffusion through its outer surface. Explain why a multicellular organism cannot absorb all the nutrients it needs by diffusion through its outer surface. You must include calculations in your answer. Use Figure 7.

This question is about cell structures.

Draw one line from each cell structure to the type of cell where the structure is found.

Type of cell where the Cell Structure structure is found

Figure 11 shows a plant cell.

What are the names of structures A, B and C ?

Tick one box.

A student observed slides of onion cells using a microscope.

Figure 12 shows two of the slides the student observed.

The cells on the slides are not clear to see.

Describe how the student should adjust the microscope to see the cells on Slide A more clearly.

Describe how the student should adjust the microscope to see the cells on Slide B more clearly.

The student made the necessary adjustments to get a clear image.

Figure 13 shows the student’s drawing of one of the cells.

The real length of the cell was 280 micrometres (µm).

Calculate the magnification of the drawing.

This question is about stem cells.

Give one place in a plant where stem cells are found.

What is one economic use of plant stem cells? Tick one box.

Embryonic stem cells divide by mitosis. Figure 9 represents a cell cycle for a human embryonic stem cell.

The mass of DNA in the cell at the start of the cycle is 6 picograms.

Convert 6 picograms to grams. Give your answer in standard form.

The time taken for this complete cell cycle is 15 hours. Calculate how many hours the cell spent in mitosis. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Describe what happens in each of the three stages of the cell cycle.

Figure 10 shows how embryonic stem cells are produced in therapeutic cloning for use in patients.

Give two advantages and two disadvantages of therapeutic cloning in medical treatments. Use Figure 10 to help you.

Disadvantage 2