Mitosis

This question is about cells.

Figure 1 shows a muscle cell.

The nucleus and cytoplasm are parts of a muscle cell.

Draw one line from each part of the muscle cell to the correct label from Figure 1.

What is the function of the nucleus?

What part of a cell controls the movement of substances into the cell?

Figure 2 shows a bacterial cell.

What type of cell is the bacterial cell in Figure 2 ?

Tick () one box.

Which are two features of bacterial cells?

Tick () two boxes.

Stem cells are cells that are not specialised.

Stem cells can be collected from human bone marrow.

What type of stem cells are found in bone marrow?

Tick () one box.

Which process produces stem cells in humans?

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Stem cells can be used to produce blood cells.

A blood transfusion is when a patient is given blood cells.

Table 1 compares two different methods of providing blood cells that can be given to a patient.

A scientist stated:

‘Blood cells produced from stem cells are better to use for a blood transfusion than blood cells from a donation.’

Suggest two reasons that support the scientist’s statement.

Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer.

Figure 5 shows a lung cell dividing.

Describe the process of the cell cycle shown in Figure 5.

Lung cancer is malignant.

Explain what is meant by a malignant tumour.

Smoking can damage the lungs in different ways.

Figure 6 shows alveoli from the lungs of two people.

Person A and person B do the same exercise.

Explain why person B breathes much faster than person A during the exercise.

This question is about cell division.

Figure 9 shows how a fertilised egg cell can produce specialised cells.

Name Process A.

How many cell divisions are needed to form a 16-cell embryo from the original fertilised egg cell?

In humans a fertilised egg cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.

How many chromosomes will there be in each of the embryo cells?

Figure 10 represents a cell cycle for a human embryonic cell.

Describe one change in the cell that occurs during each of the stages of the cell cycle.

Cell division is important in the growth of multicellular organisms.

Figure 11 shows the mean height of boys and of girls from birth to age 18 years.

Compare the growth of boys with the growth of girls.

Use data from Figure 11 in your answer.

Give one way that cell division by mitosis is important in fully grown animals.

This question is about cell division.

Write the biological structures from the box in the correct order of size.

Figure 3 shows how a fertilised egg cell can produce specialised cells.

Name Process A.

How many cell divisions are needed to form a 16-cell embryo from the original fertilised egg cell?

In humans a fertilised egg cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. How many chromosomes will there be in each of the embryo cells?

Figure 4 represents a cell cycle for a human embryonic cell.

Describe one change in the cell that occurs during each of the stages of the cell cycle.

Cell division is important in the growth of multicellular organisms.

Figure 5 shows the mean height of boys and of girls from birth to age 18 years.

Compare the growth of boys with the growth of girls. Use data from Figure 5 in your answer.

Give one way that cell division by mitosis is important in fully grown animals.

Cells divide in a series of stages called the cell cycle.

Stage 2 of the cycle is mitosis.

Figure 10 shows a simplified cell cycle for a human body cell.

Draw one line from each stage in the cell cycle to what happens during that stage.

What happens during that Stage in the cell cycle stage

The mass of DNA in a human body cell at the start of the cell cycle is 6 picograms.

What mass of DNA will be in each of the new cells produced by this cell division?

Tick one box.

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells.

Which statement about stem cells is correct?

Tick one box.

Stem cells from human embryos can differentiate into most types of human cell.

Research is being done into the use of embryonic stem cells in medical treatments.

The long-term effects of using embryonic stem cells in patients are not well understood.

In therapeutic cloning, human embryos are produced using a donated human egg cell and a cell from the patient.

• The embryo produced contains the same genetic information as the patient.

• Stem cells are taken from the embryo and stimulated to divide to form cells the patient needs.

• The embryo is then destroyed.

Suggest two advantages of therapeutic cloning.

Suggest two disadvantages of therapeutic cloning.

This question is about stem cells.

Give one place in a plant where stem cells are found.

What is one economic use of plant stem cells? Tick one box.

Embryonic stem cells divide by mitosis. Figure 9 represents a cell cycle for a human embryonic stem cell.

The mass of DNA in the cell at the start of the cycle is 6 picograms.

Convert 6 picograms to grams. Give your answer in standard form.

The time taken for this complete cell cycle is 15 hours. Calculate how many hours the cell spent in mitosis. Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

Describe what happens in each of the three stages of the cell cycle.

Figure 10 shows how embryonic stem cells are produced in therapeutic cloning for use in patients.

Give two advantages and two disadvantages of therapeutic cloning in medical treatments. Use Figure 10 to help you.

Disadvantage 2