Response to exercise

This question is about exercise.

Which two substances do muscles need during exercise?

Tick () two boxes.

Two people exercised on running machines.

The two people ran at the same speed.

Each person’s heart rate was monitored:

• before exercising

• while exercising

• after they stopped exercising.

Figure 8 shows the results.

How many minutes did person B exercise for?

Calculate the percentage increase in heart rate for person B during the exercise.

Use the equation:

maximum heart rate – resting heart rate percentage increase = × 100 resting heart rate

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

A student stated:

‘Person B is fitter than person A.’

Give two pieces of evidence to support the student’s statement.

Use Figure 8.

Immediately after exercise, the concentration of lactic acid in the blood of the two

people was measured.

Table 5 shows the results.

Complete the bar chart in Figure 9.

You should:

• use a suitable scale for the y-axis

• plot the data from Table 5

• label each bar.

The concentration of lactic acid in the blood of person A is proportional to the intensity of the exercise.

Which symbol means ‘proportional to’?

Tick () one box.

Ciliated cells have small hair-like structures called cilia on the cell surface.

Ciliated cells are found in the trachea and in the oviducts.

Oviducts are part of the female reproductive system.

Figure 7 shows cilia lining an oviduct.

Give one piece of evidence that an electron microscope was used to produce the image shown in Figure 7.

Do not refer to colour in your answer.

Describe the function of ciliated cells in the oviduct.

The mean length of the cilia in an image was 6 mm.

The cilia were viewed at a magnification of 1.5 × 10³

Calculate the real mean length of the cilia.

Give your answer in micrometres (µm).

Red blood cells are a type of cell found in humans.

People with anaemia do not have enough red blood cells.

Explain why a person with anaemia is likely to experience muscle fatigue.

Scientists have produced red blood cells from stem cells in a laboratory.

The scientists:

• collected a sample of blood from a donor

• extracted 5 × 10⁵ stem cells from the sample.

Each stem cell was developed into 100 000 red blood cells.

35% of the red blood cells made from stem cells are suitable to use in a patient.

Calculate the number of red blood cells made from the donor’s sample that could be used in a patient.

Give your answer in standard form.

Patients with anaemia are sometimes given a blood transfusion.

A blood transfusion is when a patient is given blood.

The patient can be given red blood cells:

• produced from stem cells in a laboratory or

• from a whole blood donation.

Table 2 gives information about the two sources of red blood cells.

Evaluate the use of red blood cells:

• produced from stem cells in a laboratory

• from a whole blood donation.

You should refer to costs in your answer.

Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer.

Figure 5 shows a lung cell dividing.

Describe the process of the cell cycle shown in Figure 5.

Lung cancer is malignant.

Explain what is meant by a malignant tumour.

Smoking can damage the lungs in different ways.

Figure 6 shows alveoli from the lungs of two people.

Person A and person B do the same exercise.

Explain why person B breathes much faster than person A during the exercise.

Figure 5 shows the human heart.

Which blood vessel transports blood with the highest oxygen concentration into the heart? Tick (✓) one box.

Blood pressure is a measure of the force of the blood against the walls of the blood vessels. Which blood vessel transports blood at the highest pressure? Tick (✓) one box.

What is the correct order for blood flowing through the heart to the lungs? Tick (✓) one box.

Every year thousands of people in the UK have heart attacks.

A heart attack is caused when the heart muscle cells do not get enough oxygen, causing the cells to die.

Statins and stents are two treatments used to reduce the risk of someone having a heart attack. Evaluate the use of statins compared with the use of a stent to reduce the risk of a heart attack.

Many people who survive a heart attack get out of breath easily when they exercise gently. Explain why heart attack survivors get out of breath easily.

Scientists have developed patches of beating heart cells to repair damaged

heart tissue. The patches are placed onto areas of the heart where cells have died. New cells grow to replace the dead cells. The patches are made using a person’s own cells that are converted into stem cells.

Explain why stem cells are used to make the patches.

The scientists could have used human embryonic stem cells to make the patches. Give two advantages of using stem cells made from the person’s own cells, rather than using embryonic stem cells.

Being overweight can affect the health and life expectancy of a person.

What is one lifestyle change a person could make to help them lose body mass? Tick (✓) one box.

Exercise has many health benefits. Give two health benefits of regular exercise. Do not refer to losing body mass in your answer.

During exercise, breathing rate increases to provide more oxygen for aerobic respiration.

What is the equation for aerobic respiration? Tick (✓) one box.

Figure 1 shows the human breathing system.

Where does gas exchange take place? Tick (✓) one box.

A scientist investigated the effect of exercise on the breathing rate of four people. This is the method used.

1. Measure the resting breathing rate.

2. Exercise for 10 minutes.

3. Measure the breathing rate as soon as exercise stops.

4. Record the time taken for the breathing rate to return to the resting rate.

Table 1 shows the results.

The scientist concluded that person B was the fittest. Give two reasons that support the scientist’s conclusion. Use Table 1.

Suggest two reasons why the scientist’s conclusion may not be valid.

Give two changes that happen in the body during aerobic exercise. Do not refer to increased breathing rate in your answer.

Muscles respire anaerobically during vigorous exercise. Complete the sentences. Choose answers from the box.

Muscles respire anaerobically if they do not have

Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces.

Being overweight can affect the health and life expectancy of a person.

Give one disease related to being overweight.

Body mass index (BMI) helps to show if a person has a healthy body mass for their height. BMI is calculated using the equation:

A woman has a BMI of 27 and a body mass of 68.1 kg Calculate the woman’s height in metres.

Figure 4 shows a height-body mass chart for adults.

Which weight category describes the woman in Question 03.2 ? Tick (✓) one box.

People are encouraged to control their body mass with diet and exercise. Describe how the balance between the mass of food eaten and the amount of exercise a person does controls body mass.

During long periods of vigorous exercise the body respires anaerobically. Explain the changes that happen in the body during and after vigorous exercise.

Figure 10 shows a human heart.

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs?

Tick (✓) one box.

The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells that act as a pacemaker.

Where in the heart are ‘pacemaker cells’ found?

Tick (✓) one box.

Some people may be treated with a drug to slow their heart rate.

Digitalis is a drug that slows the heart rate.

Where does the drug digitalis originate from?

Tick (✓) one box.

Beta blockers are another type of drug that slows the heart rate.

Table 2 shows information for people who do not take beta blockers and for people who do take beta blockers.

• Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each time it beats.

• Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute.

Calculate stroke volume X in Table 2.

Use the equation: cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Some people who take beta blockers get out of breath when they exercise.

Explain why beta blockers can have this effect during exercise.

You should refer to information given in Table 2.

Figure 1 shows a human heart.

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs? Tick (✓) one box.

The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells that act as a pacemaker. Where in the heart are ‘pacemaker cells’ found?

Tick (✓) one box.

Some people may be treated with a drug to slow their heart rate.

Digitalis is a drug that slows the heart rate. Where does the drug digitalis originate from?

Tick (✓) one box.

Beta blockers are another type of drug that slows the heart rate. Table 1 shows information for people who do not take beta blockers and for people who do take beta blockers.

• Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart each time it beats.

• Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped out of the heart each minute.

Calculate stroke volume X in Table 1. Use the equation: cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

Some people who take beta blockers get out of breath when they exercise. Explain why beta blockers can have this effect during exercise. You should refer to information given in Table 1.

Exercise can improve health.

A student measured her breathing rate at rest, when walking and when jogging.

Figure 8 shows her results.

Compare the breathing rates when doing the three different activities.

Use values from Figure 8 in your answer.

Explain why the breathing rate changes when doing different activities.

Figure 9 shows the heart in the circulatory system.

The heart is a double pump.

Describe what this means.

Use Figure 9 to help you.

The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the wall of the right ventricle.

Suggest one reason for this.

People are encouraged to exercise after recovering from a heart attack.

Suggest one reason why.